Autophagy plays a protective role duringPseudomonas aeruginosa-induced apoptosis via ROS–MAPK pathway

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection can induce alveolar macrophage apoptosis and autophagy, which play a vital role in eliminating pathogens. These two processes are usually not independent. Recently, autophagy has been found to interact with apoptosis during pathogen infections. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in P. aeruginosa-infected cell apoptosis is unclear. In this study, we explored the impact of P. aeruginosa infection on autophagy and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. The autophagy activator rapamycin was used to stimulate autophagy and explore the role of autophagy on apoptosis in P. aeruginosa-infected RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that P. aeruginosa infection induced autophagy and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells, and that rapamycin could suppress P. aeruginosa-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, rapamycin scavenged the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diminished p-JNK, p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 expression of MAPK pathways in RAW264.7 cells infected with P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, the promotion of autophagy decreased P. aeruginosa-induced ROS accumulation and further attenuated the apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells through MAPK pathway. These results provide novel insights into host–pathogen interactions and highlight a potential role of autophagy in eliminating P. aeruginosa.

Pathologies of the male reproductive system, having a different nature, and their impact on reproductive function

“…Malignant neoplasms are cell formations, pituitary macroadenomas, craniopharyngiomas, surgical or radiation treatment of these conditions, testicular tumors or adrenal tumors leading to an excess of androgens [6].…”

Spermidine alleviating oxidative stress and apoptosis by inducing autophagy of granulosa cells in Sichuan white geese

“…Moreover, combined treatment with 3-NPA, spermidine, and chloroquine showed that the antiapoptotic effect of spermidine disappeared after inhibition of the granulosa cell autophagy pathway, suggesting that autophagy can alleviate granulosa cell apoptosis. In addition, rapamycin can reduce ROS levels induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa through autophagy, reduced Cleaved-CASPASE-9, BAX, and CYTC protein expression in mouse macrophages, and increase BCL-2 protein expression ( Han et al, 2020 ), suggesting that autophagy can improve oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. This experiment showed that CASPASE-3 and cleaved CASPASE-3 protein expression in the 3-NPA combined with rapamycin group was significantly lower than that in the 3-NPA group, and the BCL-2 protein expression was significantly increased, which was consistent with the effect of spermidine, suggesting that spermidine may have similar effects to rapamycin, inducing autophagy, playing an antioxidant role, and improving cell apoptosis.…”

Bacterial Infections Affect Male Fertility: A Focus on the Oxidative Stress-Autophagy Axis

“…Thus rapamycin-inducing autophagy could enhance the clearance of P. aeruginosa ( Xu J. et al, 2020 ). Moreover, rapamycin-inducing autophagy suppresses P. aeruginosa -induced apoptosis and ROS accumulation via MAPK signal and ultimately eliminate bacteria ( Han et al, 2020 ). In addition, autophagy-related gene (ATG) families regulate autophagy and are considered in the cytoskeleton maintenance ( Offei et al, 2018 ).…”