Autophagy: Guardian of Skin Barrier

Kim, Hyun Jee; Park, Jisoo; Kim, Sun Kyeon; Park, Hyungsun; Kim, Jung Eun; Lee, Seongju

doi:10.3390/biomedicines10081817

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…Autophagy enhances normal cell survival by lysosomally degrading damaged cells and their contents, thereby maintaining environmental homeostasis and energy levels ( 68 ). The autophagic process can be divided into three main steps: activation of autophagy, autophagosome formation, and fusion degradation ( 69 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palmatine treats urticaria by reducing inflammation and increasing autophagy

Xiao,

Yu,

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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IntroductionChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is mainly manifested as wheals and erythema on the skin accompanied by itching, which will cause emotional anxiety and seriously affect the quality of life in patients. Palmatine (PAL) is a main chemical component of Yajieshaba, which has been found to effectively alleviate the symptoms of food allergy. However, its role and mechanism in CSU remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of PAL on CSU rats.MethodsWe replicated the CSU rat model by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) in rats on days 0, 2, 4, and 14, with a double dose given on the last challenge. PAL, loratadine and saline were given by gavage from day 5 to day 14. We observed the skin pathologic changes, mast cell degranulation, immune factor levels, inflammatory response and autophagy-related protein expression in CSU rats.ResultsWe found PAL treatment to be effective in alleviating CSU-like skin lesions and reducing itching and mast cell degranulation in rats. Compared with the OVA group, the levels of immune and inflammatory factors were significantly reduced, neutrophil recruitment was alleviated, suggesting a reduced inflammatory response. The autophagy results showed that PAL further increased the expression of LC3, Beclin-1 and p-LKB1, p-AMPK, Atg5, Atg12 and Atg5-Atg12, while P62 and p-p70S6K1 expression decreased. They collectively suggested that autophagic flux was activated after PAL treatment. However, there was an increase in the expression of LC3I, probably due to the fact that PAL induced its accumulation in order to provide substrate for the generation of more LC3II.DiscussionOverall, PAL had a protective effect on CSU in normal rats, activated the expression of autophagy and improved the inflammatory response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palmatine treats urticaria by reducing inflammation and increasing autophagy

Xiao,

Yu,

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy by depleting Beclin-1 can effectively hinder the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes [ 32 ]. Based on these findings, Kim et al [ 33 ] proposed autophagy as a pivotal guardian of the skin barrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topically Applied Magnetized Saline Water Improves Skin Biophysical Parameters Through Autophagy Activation: A Pilot Study

Minoretti,

Santiago Sáez,

Liaño Riera

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background Water exposed to a magnetic field exhibits several changes in its properties, such as increased electrical conductivity, reduced density, and low surface tension. Additionally, it has reduced dissolved oxygen levels and becomes more alkaline. Previous experimental studies have demonstrated that exposure to saline alkaline water leads to a dose-dependent increase in the expression of autophagy-related genes. Here, we hypothesize that the topical application of magnetized alkaline water to the skin can activate autophagy and improve cutaneous biophysical parameters, making it a promising strategy for enhancing skin aesthetics. Methods Two distinct substudies were undertaken. Firstly, a 12-week, uncontrolled, open-label investigation was conducted with 20 females who desired to enhance the appearance of their facial and neck skin. Secondly, a molecular study was carried out on a subset of 10 females to investigate the serum’s impact on two autophagy markers (Beclin-1 and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin {mTOR}) in skin biopsies taken from the posterior neck area below the hair attachment line. Results After a period of 12 weeks, the application of the serum resulted in significant improvements in skin hydration within the stratum corneum (56 ± 14 arbitrary units {a.u.}) compared to the baseline measurement (47 ± 12 a.u.; p < 0.001). Moreover, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) decreased from 14 ± 2 g/m 2 /hour to 11 ± 3 g/m 2 /hour (p < 0.001). The results also revealed a notable reduction in sebum content from 38 ± 7 µg/cm 2 to 30 ± 4 µg/cm 2 after the 12-week period of serum application (<0.001). Additionally, the melanin index (p < 0.01) and erythema index (p < 0.001) were both significantly lower at 12 weeks compared to baseline. The molecular study showed a 38% increase in Beclin-1 levels after 12 weeks of serum application on the posterior neck area, as measured from skin biopsies. In contrast, mTOR levels decreased by 24% from baseline to 12 weeks. Conclusion The application of magnetized saline water topically, within a serum formulation, shows potential in improving skin biophysical parameters for females seeking to enhance the appearance of their facial and neck skin. These beneficial effects are achieved through the activation of cutaneous autophagy, as evidenced by an increase in Beclin-1 expression and a decrease in mTOR content in the skin.

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“…Interestingly, perilesional skin in patients showed increased autophagy in comparison to surrounding active lesions, as assessed by increased expression of autophagy-related proteins (autophagy-related gene5 (Atg5) and light chain 3 (LC3)), concurrently with the down-modulation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) [ 62 ]. These phenomena raise the hypothesis of a protective role for autophagy in vitiligo [ 63 ]. Further studies have showed that autophagy inhibition exacerbates adverse metabolic effects in non-lesional vitiligo cells [ 64 ], suggesting that autophagy may be an adaptive response to continuous metabolic alterations for a protective attempt to antagonize degenerative processes and to enhance survival in normal vitiligo skin.…”

Section: Antioxidative Defense and Cellular Responses To Ros Accumula...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo: An Update on Its Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications

Chang

2023

Cells

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Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder caused by dysfunctional pigment-producing melanocytes which are attacked by immune cells. Oxidative stress is considered to play a crucial role in activating consequent autoimmune responses related to vitiligo. Melanin synthesis by melanocytes is the main intracellular stressor, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal physiological conditions, the antioxidative nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway functions as a crucial mediator for cells to resist oxidative stress. In pathological situations, such as with antioxidant defects or under inflammation, ROS accumulate and cause cell damage. Herein, we summarize events at the cellular level under excessive ROS in vitiligo and highlight exposure to melanocyte-specific antigens that trigger immune responses. Such responses lead to functional impairment and the death of melanocytes, which sequentially increase melanocyte cytotoxicity through both innate and adaptive immunity. This report provides new perspectives and advances our understanding of interrelationships between oxidative stress and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. We describe progress with targeted antioxidant therapy, with the aim of providing potential therapeutic approaches.

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Autophagy: Guardian of Skin Barrier

Cited by 15 publications

References 120 publications

Palmatine treats urticaria by reducing inflammation and increasing autophagy

Palmatine treats urticaria by reducing inflammation and increasing autophagy

Topically Applied Magnetized Saline Water Improves Skin Biophysical Parameters Through Autophagy Activation: A Pilot Study

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo: An Update on Its Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications

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