“…At the start of this decade, SDT researchers introduced the dual-process model to make the distinction between need satisfaction and need frustration (Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan, Bosch, & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2011a). This research showed that need frustration was conceptually and empirically distinct from (low) need satisfaction, because the two motivational experiences correlated (negatively) only modestly, factor analyzed into distinct constructs, arose from different antecedents, and predicted different outcomes (Amoura et al, 2015;Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Mouratidis, Katartzi, Thøgersen-Ntoumani, & Vlachopoulos, 2018;Bartholomew et al, 2011a;Cheon, Reeve, & Ntoumanis, 2018;Cheon, Reeve, & Song, 2016;Haerens, Aelterman, Vansteenkiste, Soenens, & Van Petegem, 2015;. The contribution of the AUTONOMY DISSATISFACTION 4 dual-process model was to show that need satisfaction represented the "bright side" of student motivation that explained adaptive functioning and outcomes, while need frustration represented the "dark side" of student motivation that explained maladaptive functioning and outcomes (Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan, & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2011b;Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013).…”