“…Basically, the TFSS is more efficient at simulating microscopic traffic flow while it ignores the vehicle dynamic details; on the contrary, the IPG CarMaker can better simulate the vehicle dynamics such as the powertrain system and sensor system; while the Matlab/ SIMULINK is mainly for algorithm optimization purpose, its embedded mathematical toolboxes can be used to resolve optimization problems and generate optimized parameters/ outputs of control algorithms. When complicated traffic flow simulation is not necessary, IPG CarMaker is often used to verify CAV control algorithms, such as longitudinal cruise control (Kuutti et al, 2019), lateral lane change (Samiee et al, 2016), overtaking path planning (Nguyen et al, 2017) and tactical behavior planning (Sefati et al, 2017); while the CAV algorithm is required to be tested in certain traffic flow conditions, a co-simulation between CarMaker, TFSS and Matlab/SIMULINK is often used (Madhusudhanan, 2019;Nalic et al, 2020a;Nalic et al, 2020b).…”