“…In contrast, the frustration of these needs, which occurs when individuals' psychological needs are actively thwarted or blocked (Bartholomew et al, 2011), increases risk for problem behavior and psychopathology (Ryan et al, 2016;Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013). Consistent with the dual process model (Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013), need satisfaction was found to contribute primarily to individuals' psychological well-being, as indexed by life satisfaction (Tay & Diener, 2011), vitality (Ryan & Deci, 2008), and meaning (Martela et al, 2018) as well as to their physical health, as indexed by increased longevity (Weinstein et al, 2019). In contrast, need frustration relates primarily to ill-being as indexed by symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression (e.g., Bartholomew et al, 2011;Vandenkerckhove et al, 2020), while also predicting poor physical health, as indexed by poorer sleep quality (Campbell et al, 2017b) and greater stress reactivity (Reeve & Tseng, 2011).…”