Autonomous Cars: Past, Present and Future - A Review of the Developments in the Last Century, the Present Scenario and the Expected Future of Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Bimbraw, Keshav

doi:10.5220/0005540501910198

Cited by 233 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is also called a driver‐less car, robotic car, and self‐driving vehicle. The concept of the autonomous car came in 1925 and was demonstrated by Houdina Radio Control, New York . Due to advancements in technologies, most of the companies already started the manufacturing of autonomous cars.…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tactile internet and its applications in 5G era: A comprehensive review

Gupta

Tanwar

Tyagi

et al. 2019

Int J Communication

125

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Over the last few years, communication latency has been a major hurdle for most of the applications deployed in different network domains. During this era, a number of communication protocols and standards were developed and used by the community. However, still, the problem of latency persists keeping in view of the quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) for different applications. To mitigate the aforementioned issues, in this paper, we present an in-depth survey of state-of-the art proposals having tactile internet as a backbone for delay mitigation using 5G networks for future ultra-reliable low-latency applications such as Healthcare 4.0, Industry 4.0, virtual reality and augmented reality, and smart education. From the existing proposals, it has been observed that tactile internet can provide interactions between virtual objects to give a feel of real environment with maximum latency of 1 millisecond. Also, this paper highlights the key differences between the tactile internet and Internet of Things in context with 5G revolution. Then open issues and challenges of tactile internet for smart applications are analyzed. Finally, a comparison of existing proposals with respect to various parameters is presented, which allows the end users to select one of the proposals in comparison with its merits over the others. KEYWORDSHealthcare 4.0, Industry 4.0, IoT, latency, reliability, tactile internet, 5G INTRODUCTIONMobile communication allows users to exchange data using smart devices ubiquitously using the mobile internet (MI). MI has millions of connected smart devices irrespective of their locations. It has revolutionized the different segments of industries such as health care, logistics, education, gaming, and transportation for maintaining quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) for different applications. Moreover, it provides a device-to-device (D2D) communication, ie, ubiquitous communication for data sharing and communication between devices. This D2D communication coined the new term, the Internet of Things (IoT), 1 which provides the low power devices or equipments to perform specific tasks in the environment where they are deployed. IoT is being used in various smart city applications such as smart lightening, smart parking, waste management, traffic congestion, and forest fire detection. In D2D communication, the mobile devices can share prime or critical information in which a delay of even millisecond can harm the persons life (for example, the information sharing during robotic telesurgery). Existing cellular systems infrastructure is not suitable for such sensitive data sharing because of low data rates and long delay (greater than 20 ms). However, for D2D communications, Int J Commun Syst. 2019;32:e3981.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dac

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Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tactile internet and its applications in 5G era: A comprehensive review

Gupta

Tanwar

Tyagi

et al. 2019

Int J Communication

125

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“…Perhaps the autonomous vehicle with the most interest is the 'driverless' car, due to the near ubiquitous nature of automobiles in everyday life. While gaining much traction in recent years, experiments with autonomous automobiles are nearly a century old, with the first attempt in 1926 with the Linriccan wonder, an unsightly radiocontrolled car that drove unmanned through New York City during a traffic jam (Bimbraw, 2015). Since then there have been many exploratory tests of self-driving cars including at the 1939 world's fair where General Motors sponsored a car that was fully guided by magnets implanted the road (Bel Geddes, 1940) all the way to 2015 when Tesla motors began offering a semi-autonomous feature for its cars called 'autopilot' (White, 2014).…”

Section: Autonomous Automobilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: How the Maritime Industry can Leverage Developments in Autonomy from other Domains

Benson

Sumanth

Colling

2018

Proceedings of the International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC)

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Autonomous maritime vessels have gained a considerable amount of attention in recent years due to their promise of reduced crew costs, increased safety and increased flexibility. This paper explores how the maritime industry can leverage the developments in autonomy and other systems to contribute to the continued drive towards autonomous maritime systems. First, several key technological areas associated with autonomous maritime systems are identified; including navigation and control systems, data transmission and electrical energy propulsion. These technical areas are then compared with other autonomous systems including autonomous aircraft, automobiles and spacecraft to find overlaps and similarities. A set of representative patents are determined for each technological area across each of the different autonomous systems and is then used to estimate a technological improvement rate for each technology-system pair. These technological improvement rates are implemented in a Monte-Carlo Markov Chain model to explore the effects of the timing of the adoption of autonomous systems in the maritime shipping industry. The model indicates a technological feasibility date of maritime autonomous systems beginning in 2028 when leveraging autonomous developments from other domains.

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“…The autonomous vehicle (AV) industry is growing fast thanks to the improvement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies based on sensing devices [1][2][3]. By now, many AVs from tens of companies are being driven in real road environments for safety and performance tests [4][5][6]. Some of them have been driven tens of million of miles, and even billions in simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Formal and Quantifiable Log Analysis Framework for Test Driving of Autonomous Vehicles

Sung

Min

Choi

et al. 2020

Sensors

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We propose a log analysis framework for test driving of autonomous vehicles. The log of a vehicle is a fundamental source to detect and analyze events during driving. A set of dumped logs are, however, usually mixed and fragmented since they are generated concurrently by a number of modules such as sensors, actuators and programs. This makes it hard to analyze them to discover latent errors that could occur due to complex chain reactions among those modules. Our framework provides a logging architecture based on formal specifications, which hierarchically organizes them to find out a priori relationships between them. Then, algorithmic or implementation errors can be detected by examining a posteriori relationships. However, a test in a situation of certain parameters, so called an oracle test, does not necessarily trigger latent violations of the relationships. In our framework, this is remedied by adopting metamorphic testing to quantitatively verify the formal specification. As a working proof, we define three metamorphic relations critical for testing autonomous vehicles and verify them in a quantitative manner based on our logging system.

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Autonomous Cars: Past, Present and Future - A Review of the Developments in the Last Century, the Present Scenario and the Expected Future of Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Cited by 233 publications

References 9 publications

Tactile internet and its applications in 5G era: A comprehensive review

Tactile internet and its applications in 5G era: A comprehensive review

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: How the Maritime Industry can Leverage Developments in Autonomy from other Domains

A Formal and Quantifiable Log Analysis Framework for Test Driving of Autonomous Vehicles

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