“…In the middle, self-healing ideas can be found for middleware [17], [18], and at a lower layer self-healing designs include operating systems [19], [20], embedded systems, networks, and hardware [21]. The two main emerging directions that include self-healing research are provided by autonomic computing [7], [22] and self-adaptive systems [3]. Whilst autonomic computing includes research on all possible layers, self-adaptive systems focus primarily on research above the middleware layer with a more general approach.…”