Autonomic assessment of animals with spinal cord injury: tools, techniques and translation

Inskip, Jessica A.; Ramer, Leanne M.; Ramer, Matt S.; Krassioukov, Andrei V.

doi:10.1038/sc.2008.61

Cited by 63 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 392 publications

(383 reference statements)

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“…In animals with BS-NSC grafting, MAP and HR approached levels measured in naïve animals (Figure 2). During colorectal distension, a rat was regarded as dysreflexic if the noxious stimulation produced a rise in MAP and a decrease in HR 3,8 . Episodic hypertension and baroreflex-mediated bradycardia were inevitably triggered in all animals but the extent differed between groups.…”

Section: Transmitter Implantationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Central cardiovascular parameters can be recorded by cannula insertion and telemetry, whereas noninvasive tail-cuffs can be employed to measure peripheral blood pressure 3 . Compared to other methods, telemetry has the main advantage that it allows for continuous recording in freely moving animals and long-term monitoring of cardiovascular function 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

Hou

Blesch

2014

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High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Section: Transmitter Implantationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

Hou

Blesch

2014

JoVE

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“…As a result, vascular mechanics (reflexive arterial and venous vasoconstriction), heart rate, and ventricular contractility are compromised leading to reduced CO and poor venous return (Teasell et al 2000). Severe high level lesions result in many complications including resting hypotension and bradycardia, diminished circadian rhythms, blunted responses to exercise, OH, and AD (Nitsche et al 1996, Teasell et al 2000, Inskip et al 2009). …”

Section: Sci and The Effect Of Lesion Level On Cardiovascular Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although instances of AD have been reported in individuals with lesions as low as T8 to T10 (Gimovsky et al 1985), this type of profound CV dysfunction is rare in the low thoracic and lumbar clinical populations. Severe low thoracic lesions principally elicit dysfunction related to OH, resting tachycardia, and a diminished ability to appropriately respond to the demands of physical activity (Inskip et al 2009). …”

Section: Sci and The Effect Of Lesion Level On Cardiovascular Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heart and vasculature are under both tonic and reflexive autonomic control to ensure adequate blood perfusion during a wide range of physiological conditions (Inskip et al 2009). This control is mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS working in concert (Figure 2).…”

Section: Sci and The Effect Of Lesion Level On Cardiovascular Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating cardiovascular dysfunction during increased activity and exercise rehabilitation following incomplete thoracic spinal cord injury in the adult rat.

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Autonomic Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury

Hou

Rabchevsky

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) results not only in motor and sensory deficits but also in autonomic dysfunctions. The disruption of connections between higher brain centers and the spinal cord, or the impaired autonomic nervous system itself, manifests a broad range of autonomic abnormalities. This includes compromised cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, and sexual activities. These disabilities evoke potentially life-threatening symptoms that severely interfere with the daily living of those with SCI. In particular, high thoracic or cervical SCI often causes disordered hemodynamics due to deregulated sympathetic outflow. Episodic hypertension associated with autonomic dysreflexia develops as a result of massive sympathetic discharge often triggered by unpleasant visceral or sensory stimuli below the injury level. In the pelvic floor, bladder and urethral dysfunctions are classified according to upper motor neuron versus lower motor neuron injuries; this is dependent on the level of lesion. Most impairments of the lower urinary tract manifest in two interrelated complications: bladder storage and emptying. Inadequate or excessive detrusor and sphincter functions as well as detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia are examples of micturition abnormalities stemming from SCI. Gastrointestinal motility disorders in spinal cord injured-individuals are comprised of gastric dilation, delayed gastric emptying, and diminished propulsive transit along the entire gastrointestinal tract. As a critical consequence of SCI, neurogenic bowel dysfunction exhibits constipation and/or incontinence. Thus, it is essential to recognize neural mechanisms and pathophysiology underlying various complications of autonomic dysfunctions after SCI. This overview provides both vital information for better understanding these disorders and guides to pursue novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate secondary complications.

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Autonomic assessment of animals with spinal cord injury: tools, techniques and translation

Abstract: A wide variety of techniques exist to evaluate autonomic function in experimental animals with SCI. The incorporation of autonomic assessment as outcome measures in experiments testing treatments or interventions for SCI should be considered a high, clinically relevant priority.

Cited by 63 publications

References 392 publications

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

Evaluating cardiovascular dysfunction during increased activity and exercise rehabilitation following incomplete thoracic spinal cord injury in the adult rat.

Autonomic Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury

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