Automation and discretion: explaining the effect of automation on how street-level bureaucrats enforce

Boer, Noortje de; Raaphorst, Nadine

doi:10.1080/14719037.2021.1937684

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These changes transform public organizations in ways public management scholars struggle to understand. While some scholars have explored the ethical considerations of this shift (Mulligan & Bamberger, 2019), only scarce empirical research has begun to question how this shift changes the management and administration of street-level organizations, defined by their everyday encounters with citizens (Bullock, 2019; de Boer & Raaphorst, 2021; Giest & Grimmelikhuijsen, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Lipsky writes: “the nature of service provision calls for human judgment that cannot be programmed and for which machines cannot substitute” (2010, p. 161). Twenty years later, SLB’s roles, including social workers (de Boer & Raaphorst, 2021; Mathiyazhagan, 2021; Ranerup & Henriksen, 2019) and nurses (Buchanan et al, 2020), are being transformed by technology. This change is also evident in the police, as police units worldwide are in a constant technological shift (Brayne, 2021; Meijer et al, 2021; Lorenz et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technology 3.0: Police Officers’ Perceptions Towards Technology Shifts

Aviram,

Correa,

Oliviera

2023

The American Review of Public Administration

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Police units worldwide are going through a three-generational technological shift: from “street” to “screen” to “system” technologies. This paper focuses on how these digital shifts shape police officers’ perceptions. First, concerning the change from “street” to “screen” police, it focuses on how it changes police officers’ perceptions of discretion and burnout. The shift from “screen” to “system” policy focuses on how perceptions towards “screen” technologies shape the receptivity of “system” technologies. We address these questions using a mixed-method approach to analyze Brazilian police officers’ shift from the Military Police to the Environmental Military Police. Findings suggest that changing from “street” to “screen” police reduces burnout and limited discretion among police officers. Moreover, usefulness in achieving professional goals and perceptions of monitoring via “screen” technology predict receptivity to “system” technology. We conclude that street-level bureaucrats’ perceptions of technological shifts are essential to acknowledge when planning and implementing such changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology 3.0: Police Officers’ Perceptions Towards Technology Shifts

Aviram,

Correa,

Oliviera

2023

The American Review of Public Administration

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“…They posit that in more complex tasks such as crime control or fraud detection, automation mostly supports the human judgment. The complexity of these tasks makes them hard to fully automate, therefore humans dominate such decision‐making, and discretion is maintained to a large extent (De Boer and Raaphorst 2021). In simple tasks, automation largely takes over the decision‐making process and human judgment only comes in to correct errors (Zouridis, Van Eck and Bovens 2020).…”

Section: Trustworthiness Of Algorithmic Decisionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining Why the Computer Says No: Algorithmic Transparency Affects the Perceived Trustworthiness of Automated Decision‐Making

Grimmelikhuijsen

2022

Public Administration Review

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Algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence technologies are slowly transforming street-level bureaucracies, yet a lack of algorithmic transparency may jeopardize citizen trust. Based on procedural fairness theory, this article hypothesizes that two core elements of algorithmic transparency (accessibility and explainability) are crucial to strengthening the perceived trustworthiness of street-level decisionmaking. This is tested in one experimental scenario with low discretion (a denied visa application) and one scenario with high discretion (a suspicion of welfare fraud). The results show that: (1) explainability has a more pronounced effect on trust than the accessibility of the algorithm; (2) the effect of algorithmic transparency not only pertains to trust in the algorithm itself but also-partially-to trust in the human decision-maker; (3) the effects of algorithmic transparency are not robust across decision context. These findings imply that transparency-asaccessibility is insufficient to foster citizen trust. Algorithmic explainability must be addressed to maintain and foster trustworthiness algorithmic decision-making. Evidence for Practice• Algorithmic transparency consists of accessibility and explainability.• This study finds that accessibility, though important, is not sufficient to foster trust.• Governments must address the explainability of algorithmic decision-making to earn citizen trust in algorithms and bureaucrats working with them.

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“…Not all scholars agree, however, and assert these technologies promise safer workplaces with healthier employees and fairer organizations (Heflin, 2012). Others argue that despite the dominant narratives, the evidence for automation as a curtailment of discretion is thin, and scholars should more directly focus on street-level bureaucrat behavior, rather than perceptions (Boer & Raaphorst, 2021).…”

Section: Bwcs As a Monitoring Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Officer Perceptions of Body-worn Cameras: A National Survey

Adams¹

2022

Preprint

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Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are a permanent, though not well understood, feature of modern US policing. As a technological solution to the perception that officers use force too often, BWCs have not fared well. This dissertation sidesteps questions of effectiveness, however, and instead investigates how the cameras are perceived by officers, and how variations in BWC policies affect perceptions of monitoring fairness. To do so, I use a national probability sample of officers (n = 529) drawn from a stratified sample of agencies across the United States.Theoretically, I draw primarily from two literatures. First, from the organizational psychology literature, which is where the vast majority of research on the individual-level effects of electronic workplace surveillance has been done. Second, I draw on the organizationaljustice literature, specifically elements related to how criminal justice employees form judgements of fairness regarding their workplace treatment. The results show how policy variation in BWC activation and footage review affect officer perceptions of fairnessboth on their own and interactively.

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Automation and discretion: explaining the effect of automation on how street-level bureaucrats enforce

Cited by 44 publications

References 61 publications

Technology 3.0: Police Officers’ Perceptions Towards Technology Shifts

Technology 3.0: Police Officers’ Perceptions Towards Technology Shifts

Explaining Why the Computer Says No: Algorithmic Transparency Affects the Perceived Trustworthiness of Automated Decision‐Making

Modeling Officer Perceptions of Body-worn Cameras: A National Survey

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