Automatic Reverse Engineering of Private Flight Control Protocols of UAVs

Abstract

The increasing use of civil unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has the potential to threaten public safety and privacy. Therefore, airspace administrators urgently need an effective method to regulate UAVs. Understanding the meaning and format of UAV flight control commands by automatic protocol reverse-engineering techniques is highly beneficial to UAV regulation. To improve our understanding of the meaning and format of UAV flight control commands, this paper proposes a method to automatically analyze the private flight control protocols of UAVs. First, we classify flight control commands collected from a binary network trace into clusters; then, we analyze the meaning of flight control commands by the accumulated error of each cluster; next, we extract the binary format of commands and infer field semantics in these commands; and finally, we infer the location of the check field in command and the generator polynomial matrix. The proposed approach is validated via experiments on a widely used consumer UAV.

Theory of the Lamb Shift and fine structure in muonic 4He ions and the muonic 3He– 4He Isotope Shift

“…( 16) therein, this uncertainty was only given for muonic helium-3 ions. An updated value for helium-3 and a first value for helium-4 ions was later provided in [102]. These values amount to 0.20 meVand 0.13 meV, respectively, see also Tab.…”

Modelling the behaviour of microbulk Micromegas in xenon/trimethylamine gas

“…Microbulk Micromegas are presently used in CAST [8] and n-TOF [10] experiments, and its application is foreseen or considered in a new generation of experiments involving axions (IAXO [11]), dark matter (TREX-DM [12]) and ββ0ν decay [13]. The latter, naturally focusing on highpressure 136 Xe, builds on the pioneering works on chargereadouts performed by the Gotthard collaboration [14] and more recently in [7], and will try to challenge the state of the art of ββ0ν detection in gas, based on light-readout and presently led by the NEXT experiment [15,16].…”

Scalings pertaining to current sheet disruption mediated by the plasmoid instability

“…For laboratory magnetic reconnection experiments, 45,46 the Alfvén time τ A is typically on the order of microseconds, which is within the temporal resolution of in situ measurements. 47 Thus, it may be possible to test some of the predictions from the phenomenological model with future generations of laboratory experiments. 48 Although the present study focuses on resistive MHD, the methodology is quite general.…”

“…This approximation can be justified a posteriori using the scaling relation of the disruption current sheet widthâ d in Eq. (47). Becausê a d decreases as S increases, it follows from the relation ϕ/ϕ 0 = (â/â 0 )τ /τ * that in the high-S regime, the condition ϕ ϕ 0 is satisfied at the disruption time, where the variable ϕ is typically an O(1) quantity in the neighborhood of the dominant mode [see the discussion in the paragraph below Eq.…”