Automatic repeat request (ARQ) over TDMA-based mesh network

Abstract

The use of automatic repeat-request (ARQ) over a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) presents unique challenges in handling signaling, connection identification, and implementation. This paper describes the implementation of a selective-repeat ARQ protocol in a mesh MANET called Mesh-Enabled Tactical Adaptive -MANET (META-MANET). The mesh MAC operates over the 802.16d physical (PHY) layer. The implementation of this ARQ protocol follows the specification described in the IEEE 802.16 standard with unique adaptations for mesh operations. Our implementation preserves the opportunity for future interworking with standards-based devices to the greatest extent possible. We hypothesized that adding ARQ would improve throughput and reduce loss rates. We present the results of lab testing of radio implementations of the ARQ-enhanced META-MANET protocol in RFcabled with emulated loss and mobile outdoor wireless environments. This testing is analyzed for topologies of two nodes to eight nodes and the emulation of various dynamic mobile topologies across terrain and obstructions. The impact to application traffic packet loss rate, throughput, latency, and multi-hop throughput are analyzed and presented. Several controlled scenarios were performed, with and without ARQ, to compare the performance of our implementation. We found that the implementation of ARQ over the mesh yielded significantly improved throughput, as perceived by the application, under many conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a standardized ARQ mechanism over a mesh topology in high-bandwidth environments with multiple nodes in a moving topology.

Dynamic routing protocols for wireless touch networks: a review

“…To improve network reliability, some algorithms use different types of multipath redundancy, such as multipath "braid" routing. This move allows the use of multiple routes instead of a single route to apply the SC method, which improves the reliability and robustness of self-organizing networks [44]. The multilayer tree structure helps to overcome packet loss in multicast in case of multiple node outage [58].…”

“…The task of improving the quality of data transmission in self-organizing networks of mobile devices can be solved by different methods: the method of retransmission request (ARQ) [18], the method of redundant coding (FEC) [5,9,13,26,40,52,61], the method of Network Coding [14]. One of the approaches to data transmission in self-organized networks is the use of the method of superimposed networks (P2P) [36,54].…”

“…Overlay networks rely on tree and multi-link structures [12,16,71]. To improve network reliability, some researchers [44] use different types of multipath redundancy, such as "routing braids", which demonstrate improved reliability and stability in self-organizing networks. The environmental sector demonstrates particular interest in IoT, where modern air quality monitoring systems can be built using sensor networks [28,29,53,67,69,70].…”