“…Three-dimensional imaging of the cardiovascular system exhibits a broader range of imaging modalities, including CT and MRI. Lung and pulmonary structures were segmented using the UNet on CT scans [ 9 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] and cardiovascular structures with MRI [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Three-dimensional UNet segmentation has also been used for segmentation of liver tumors in CT scans [ 23 , 24 ] and MRI [ 25 ], prostate and breast cancer in MRI [ 26 , 27 ], multi-organ segmentation from CT [ 28 , 29 , 30 ], and osteosarcoma [ 31 ] and vertebrae [ 32 ] from CT.…”