Automatic Optimization of a Klystron Interaction Structure

Lingwood, Christopher James; Gunn, Kester; Carter, Richard G.; Marchesin, Rodolphe; Jensen, Erk

doi:10.1109/ted.2013.2270975

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…be transported distances up to 20 cm without a guiding magnetic field. To work with the pseudospark-sourced pulsed electron beam, automatic optimization techniques can be used to shorten the klystron interaction structure [9]. An alternative technique is to use the extended interaction oscillator (EIO) circuit, which has the advantages of high interaction impedance and high gain per unit length [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Experiments of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Band Extended Interaction Oscillator Based on a Pseudospark-Sourced Electron Beam

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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This paper presents the first experimental results of an extended interaction oscillator (EIO) based on a pseudospark-sourced electron beam, which produced a peak output power over 38 W at W-band. The advantages of the newly developed device are: 1) transport of the electron beam by the positive-ion focusing channel without the need of an external magnetic field and 2) high interaction impedance and high gain per unit length of the EIO circuit. The experimental results agree well with the 3-D particle-in-cell simulations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Experiments of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Band Extended Interaction Oscillator Based on a Pseudospark-Sourced Electron Beam

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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“…The bandwidth B is selected as objective 2 and defined as (15). The length of the interaction structure Ltot is selected as objective 3 and described as (16).…”

Section: B Optimization Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Christopher James Lingwood et al used a multiobjective genetic algorithm to globally optimize a klystron, with a focus on efficiency and tube length. The effectiveness of the algorithm was verified by comparing the optimized parameters with those of the B-factor klystron developed by Stanford Linear Accelerator Center [16]. However, only two objectives were optimized, whereas oscillators may have multiple design objectives that constrain each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multiobjective Optimization Approach for Extended Interaction Oscillators

Cui

Bian

2020

IEEE Access

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The development of high-frequency, wide-bandwidth, high-power extended interaction oscillators (EIOs) has always been the focus of researchers working on millimeter-wave and terahertz electronic devices. However, these design objectives are affected by many structural and operating parameters, and traditional manual optimization and local optimization are no longer suitable for solving these problems. In this paper, based on a one-dimensional, nonlinear, self-consistent program of EIOs, a multiobjective optimization method that employs the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is proposed to simultaneously optimize device output power, bandwidth, and structure length. By using this approach, the optimization process of a 95-GHz EIO is presented, and the corresponding Pareto solutions are obtained after 500 generations with a population size of 50. The results show that the beam-wave interaction and the coupling mechanism lead to synchronization of the structural parameters and the electrical parameters with each other, and the coexistence of multiple objectives guides the zonal distribution of the optimal solutions. That is, the oscillators with fewer gaps have shorter structure length and higher power, whereas those with more gaps are prone to start oscillation and have wider bandwidth. Several sets of optimization results obtained using the proposed method agree well with the results obtained in the CST-PIC solver, which proves that the proposed algorithm is effective for optimizing EIOs because it considers multiple design goals and can serve as a theoretical basis for engineering development.

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“…The optimization process is automated using an evolutionary algorithm [12]. The first design features six cavities, to explore the potential of the klystron upconverter; the second consists of three cavities, with the aim of demonstrating the concept experimentally, using a 35 GHz input driver.…”

Section: Design and Optimization Of The Interaction Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Millimeter-Wave Klystron Upconverter With a Higher Order Mode Output Cavity

Zhang

Constable

Yin

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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Abstract-Manufacturing of klystrons in the millimeter wave frequency range is challenging due to the small size of the cavities, and the ratio of the maximum gap voltage to the beam energy. The small dimensions make also difficult to produce devices with the output power required by a number of applications at millimeter wave, such as communications and spectroscopy. Operating with a higher order mode can be a potential solution, as a larger transverse size structure can be used. Unfortunately, high order mode cavities have a lower impedance than in fundamental mode. In this paper is proposed a novel solution to overcome the reduced impedance by utilizing an upconverter, where all cavities except the output cavity are designed to work in high order mode. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, two klystron upconverters were designed. One has 6 cavities aiming to achieve a maximum output power of ∼90 W at 105 GHz. The second klystron upconverter was a simpler 3 cavity structure designed for quick prototype. Millimeter wave measurements of the three-cavity klystron upconverter are presented.klystron, upconverter, high-order mode.

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Automatic Optimization of a Klystron Interaction Structure

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Simulation and Experiments of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Band Extended Interaction Oscillator Based on a Pseudospark-Sourced Electron Beam

Simulation and Experiments of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Band Extended Interaction Oscillator Based on a Pseudospark-Sourced Electron Beam

A Multiobjective Optimization Approach for Extended Interaction Oscillators

A Millimeter-Wave Klystron Upconverter With a Higher Order Mode Output Cavity

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