Automatic integration of confidence in the brain valuation signal

Lebreton, Maël; Abitbol, Raphaëlle; Daunizeau, Jean; Pessiglione, Mathias

doi:10.1038/nn.4064

Cited by 258 publications

(429 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…39). These two consecutive processes intertwine with each other and share neural underpinnings to guide decisionmaking (39,40).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback

Wang

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Humans update their beliefs upon feedback and, accordingly, modify their behaviors to adapt to the complex, changing social environment. However, people tend to incorporate desirable (better than expected) feedback into their beliefs but to discount undesirable (worse than expected) feedback. Such optimistic updating has evolved as an advantageous mechanism for social adaptation. Here, we examine the role of oxytocin (OT)-an evolutionary ancient neuropeptide pivotal for social adaptation-in belief updating upon desirable and undesirable feedback in three studies (n = 320). Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled between-subjects design, we show that intranasally administered OT (IN-OT) augments optimistic belief updating by facilitating updates of desirable feedback but impairing updates of undesirable feedback. The IN-OT-induced impairment in belief updating upon undesirable feedback is more salient in individuals with high, rather than with low, depression or anxiety traits. IN-OT selectively enhances learning rate (the strength of association between estimation error and subsequent update) of desirable feedback. IN-OT also increases participants' confidence in their estimates after receiving desirable but not undesirable feedback, and the OT effect on confidence updating upon desirable feedback mediates the effect of IN-OT on optimistic belief updating. Our findings reveal distinct functional roles of OT in updating the first-order estimation and second-order confidence judgment in response to desirable and undesirable feedback, suggesting a molecular substrate for optimistic belief updating.oxytocin | social adaptation | confidence | belief updating | optimism

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“…39). These two consecutive processes intertwine with each other and share neural underpinnings to guide decisionmaking (39,40).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…39). These two consecutive processes intertwine with each other and share neural underpinnings to guide decisionmaking (39,40). Optimistic belief updating is often observed in situations incorporating uncertainty (21,41), and low confidence is more likely to be associated with subsequent decision changes (40).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback

Wang

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In rodents, similar approaches have identified orbitofrontal cortex as central to confidence-based behaviours (3,10). In humans, fMRI has identified areas which track explicit confidence estimates, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (11,12), striatum (13), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (14,15) and rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (11,(14)(15)(16). However, because of the aforementioned conflation of the probability that a choice is correct with the reliability of the evidence upon which a choice is based, the computational role of these neural areas remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct encoding of decision confidence in human medial prefrontal cortex

Bang

Fleming

2018

Preprint

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Our confidence in a choice and the reliability of evidence pertaining to that choice appear to be inseparable quantities. However, recent computational frameworks suggest that the brain should encode distinct estimates of these quantities for adaptive behavioural control. Consider a line judge in a tennis match deciding whether a ball is out. When the ball is moving quickly, the sensory signal is unreliable. Nevertheless, if the ball lands far from the line, a decision may be easy and confidence high. Decision confidence should reflect the probability that a choice is correct and must therefore, unlike other estimates of certainty such as evidence reliability, be flexibly conditioned on a choice. Here we devised a psychophysical approach to decouple confidence in a sensory choice from the reliability of the sensory evidence upon which a choice is based. Using human fMRI, we observed that an area in medial prefrontal cortex (perigenual cingulate cortex, pgACC) tracked probability correct, the normative definition of decision confidence, whereas neural areas previously thought to track decision confidence, such as ventral striatum and posterior parietal cortex, instead tracked sensory reliability. We show that pgACC activity does not simply co-vary with objective performance but is also linked to withinsubject and between-subject variation in a subjective sense of decision confidence. Our study is consistent with the recent proposal that the brain separately maintains choice-dependent and choice-independent estimates of certainty, and sheds light on why dysfunctional confidence estimates often emerge following prefrontal lesions and/or degeneration.

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“…Novel stimuli should be associated with higher uncertainty, whereas well-learned stimuli should be associated with more certainty. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that the lateral and dorsal PFC track categorization decisions with higher uncertainty (DeGutis and D'Esposito, 2007;Seger et al, 2015;Davis, Goldwater, and Giron, 2017) whereas the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) tracks decisions with high decision evidence (Lebreton et al, 2015;Davis et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-based fMRI Reveals Dissimilarity Processes Underlying Base Rate Neglect

O’Bryan

Worthy

Livesey

et al. 2017

Preprint

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The inverse base-rate effect (IBRE) describes an apparent irrationality in human decision making whereby people tend to ignore category base rates and choose rarer options when classifying ambiguous stimuli. According to associative learning theories, people choose rare categories for ambiguous stimuli because rare cues draw more attention. Alternatively, inferential theories predict that people choose rare categories because ambiguous stimuli contrast more with well-established rules that predict membership in the common category. In this experiment, we used multi-voxel pattern analysis to decode which features of ambiguous stimuli, common or rare, participants are activating during an fMRI version of the IBRE task. Participants learned to predict four hypothetical diseases based on pairings of face, object, and scene cues. Objects and scenes were diagnostic cues, and predicted either a common or rare disease. Prior to the task, we collected independent localizer scans to characterize activation patterns associated with each of the different visual cues in object-selective cortex. During a test phase, ambiguous trials were presented in which a cue for the rare disease was paired with a cue for the common disease. We show that individuals engage qualitatively distinct neural processes when making rare versus common responses: choosing the rare category involved activation of cues associated with the common category. Consistent with inferential theories of base-rate neglect, our findings suggest that this surprising behavior involves a deliberative mechanism not explained by purely associative models.

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Automatic integration of confidence in the brain valuation signal

Cited by 258 publications

References 41 publications

Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback

Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback

Distinct encoding of decision confidence in human medial prefrontal cortex

Model-based fMRI Reveals Dissimilarity Processes Underlying Base Rate Neglect

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