Automatic Information Processing and High Performance Skills: Acquisition, Transfer, and Retention

Abstract

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Automatic information processing and high-performance skills: Applications to training, transfer, and retention.

“…The results demonstrated that performance in the CM condition ws more rapid than comparable VM performance, and also showed that the effects of memory set size on performance were attenuated in the CM condition relative to the VM condition. These results were consistent with the development of automatic processing in the CM condition, and other investigators (Fisk et al, 1990;Fisk & Schneider, 1983;Hassoun & Eggemeier, 1988;Schneider & Fisk, 1984) have reported similar evidence that supports the development of automatic processing in this type of paradigm.…”

“…Such a task could require that items serve either the same target/distractor roles or different roles, and it is necessary to determine the levels of performance which result from different task recombinations. Previous work with semantic-based and symbolic materials (e.g., Dumais, 1979;Fisk et al, 1990) suggests that positive transfer would occur when target items are incorporated into a task with new distractor items, and that similar positive transfer could be expected with distractor transfer. It is important, however, to extend this previous transfer work to tasks that are representative of other subcomponents (e.g., spatial pattern search) of C2 operator tasks.…”

“…Knowledge of the retention functions associated with the subcomponents of the skills would be essential in such an instance to determine if retraining would be required during the period of disuse. Previous work with the retention of automatic processing with semantic materials (Fisk et al, 1990) indicates that automatic processes undergo little or no loss over 6-month periods. Once again, however, it is important to extend this previous work to other materials designed to represent analogs of information found in C2 operator task components.…”

“…in a number of previous efforts (e.g., Fisk et al, 1990;Fisk & Schneider, 1983;Hale & Eggemeter, 1990;Hassoun & Eggemeier, 1988;Schneider & Fisk, 1984). Hale and Eggemeier (1990), for example, demonstrated the development of automatic processing in a memory search variant of this type of task that required subjects to determine whether single probe items (e.g., automobile, potato) represented exemplars of previously presented semantic categories (e.g., mode of transportation, vegetable) that made up the memory set.…”

“…As noted above, automatic tasks are performed m ore rapidly than controlled tasks (e.g., Eggemeier, Granitz, Rogus, & Geiselman, 1990;Fisk, Hodge, Lee, & Rogers, 1990;Fisk & Schneider, 1983;Hale & Eggemeier, 1990).…”