Abstract:There are a number of equipment options and surgical techniques available for automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. The system can be successfully used even in problem cases where restrictions may be imposed because of physical build or the presence of other implanted devices. The sensing requirements and energy output of the units can be tailored to the exact needs of the particular patient. Battery life and device function are easily monitored periodically following implantation, mak… Show more
“…Another is to avoid the small but real risk of late constrictive pericarditis. (8) The participants felt there is a potential need always to have emergency access to cardiopulmonary bypass. However, their experience indicated this situation would occur extremely rarely.…”
Surgical approaches for implantation of the automatic cardioverter defibrillator are sternotomy, left thoracotomy, subxiphoid, and subcostal. Although any one of these may be combined with insertion of one or more of the electrodes transvenously, surgical entry into the chest is required for every noninvestigational defibrillator implantation operation. The approaches differ in exposure provided for selecting electrode sites and for handling untoward events, in amount and location of tissue that must be divided or dissected, and in average time required. The operation is an electrical one. Its purpose is to obtain reliable rhythm sensing so that defibrillation or cardioversion shocks will occur only when necessary, and to obtain low enough defibrillation thresholds for shocks of 30 joules or less to have a 10-joule defibrillation safety margin. Many of the patients have had previous cardiac operations. They usually have low or very low ejection fractions. Intraoperative electrophysiological testing with often multiple defibrillation episodes is required. The choice of approach varies with the state of the patient, the institutional experience, and the surgeon. This article describes technique, and the advantages and disadvantages of the four approaches as used by four surgeons in four different institutions.
“…Another is to avoid the small but real risk of late constrictive pericarditis. (8) The participants felt there is a potential need always to have emergency access to cardiopulmonary bypass. However, their experience indicated this situation would occur extremely rarely.…”
Surgical approaches for implantation of the automatic cardioverter defibrillator are sternotomy, left thoracotomy, subxiphoid, and subcostal. Although any one of these may be combined with insertion of one or more of the electrodes transvenously, surgical entry into the chest is required for every noninvestigational defibrillator implantation operation. The approaches differ in exposure provided for selecting electrode sites and for handling untoward events, in amount and location of tissue that must be divided or dissected, and in average time required. The operation is an electrical one. Its purpose is to obtain reliable rhythm sensing so that defibrillation or cardioversion shocks will occur only when necessary, and to obtain low enough defibrillation thresholds for shocks of 30 joules or less to have a 10-joule defibrillation safety margin. Many of the patients have had previous cardiac operations. They usually have low or very low ejection fractions. Intraoperative electrophysiological testing with often multiple defibrillation episodes is required. The choice of approach varies with the state of the patient, the institutional experience, and the surgeon. This article describes technique, and the advantages and disadvantages of the four approaches as used by four surgeons in four different institutions.
“…Devices were not programmable, which dramatically limited the range of therapy. 3 Despite limitations of size, the highly invasive surgical approach, and resultant morbidity and mortality, these devices were effective in reducing deaths from recurrent cardiac arrest. 4 -6 Second-generation devices incorporated a transvenous electrode that allowed for improved arrhythmia recognition, the ability to abort shocks if arrhythmias spontaneously terminated, and improved telemetered data.…”
“…Defibrillation or cardioversion is accomplished by discharge either between two electrode patches on the left and right ventricles or between one electrode patch on the left ventricular apex and an electrode catheter in the superior vena cava [42]. These electrodes also serve as sensing electrodes for the probability density function.…”
“…Ventricular fibrillation is identified by a probability density function that identifies the absence of a baseline and regular electrical activity [42].…”
Recent developments of both diagnostic and therapeu tic techniques in the management of tachyarrhythmias have broadened the options available to physicians car ing for patients with tachyarrhythmias. Newer diag nostic methods allow more precise identification of the arrhythmia and better understanding of its mechanism. Long-term epidemiologic studies have identified groups of patients who do and do not require antiarrhythmic therapy. Antitachycardia pacemakers and automatic im plantable defibrillators allow effective treatment for pa tients for whom drugs were ineffective or in whom in tolerable side effects developed. Finally, several new antiarrhythmic agents have become available recently. Proper use of these new techniques and drugs requires greater understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.