“…In six studies, AI-based methods were used to detect oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) 52,54,55,57,58,62 with five of these focussing on the detection of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specifically. Four studies aimed to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 53,56,59,60 and one study aimed to classify OPSCC 61 . Overall, seven studies were conducted in India 53,54,55,57,58,59,62 , two in China 60,61 , one in USA 52 and one in Germany 56 .…”