“…The test path generation techniques from UML activity diagram usually depend on graph or tree theory: the test path generation techniques based on tree structure, such as the Dependent Flow Tree [3], the Fault Success Tree Analysis [4], and the Activity Tree [5]; the test path generation techniques based on graph structure, such as the Intermediate Black Box Model [6], the Activity Graph [7], the Activity Flow Table [8], the Activity Convert Grammar [9], the Activity Flow Graph [10], the Test Case Generation Based on Activity Diagram [11], the Activity Dependency Graph [12], and the Intermediate Testable Model [13]. In addition, the test path generation from UML activity diagram can be used the heuristic algorithm e.g., ant colony [14].…”