Automatic Extraction of Tempo and Beat From Expressive Performances

Abstract

Content processing is a vast and growing field that integrates different approaches borrowed from the signal processing, information retrieval and machine learning disciplines. In this article we deal with a particular type of content processing: the so-called content-based transformations. We will not focus on any particular application but rather try to give an overview of different techniques and conceptual implications. We first describe the transformation process itself, including the main model schemes that are commonly used, which lead to the establishment of the formal basis for a definition of content-based transformations. Then we take a quick look at a general spectral based analysis/synthesis approach to process audio signals and how to extract features that can be used in the content-based transformation context. Using this analysis/synthesis approach we give some examples on how content-based transformations can be applied to modify the basic perceptual axis of a sound and how we can even combine different basic effects in order to perform more meaningful transformations. We finish by going a step further in the abstraction ladder and present transformations that are related to musical (and thus symbolic) properties rather than to those of the sound or the signal itself.

Recent studies on music information processing

“…Then, taking a hint from these studies, Scheirer proposed a beat-tracking method that could accommodate changes in tempo [37]. Still later, a variety of methods having even fewer restrictions were proposed [38][39][40]. Methods targeting MIDI signals [41,42] have also progressed significantly in recent years.…”

Automatic music transcription: challenges and future directions

“…The next step involves estimating the timing of the beats constituting the main pulse, a task known as beat tracking. Again, numerous approaches have been proposed, such as rule-based methods [33], adaptive oscillators [80], agent-based or multiple hypothesis trackers [37], filter-banks [29], dynamical systems [23] and probabilistic models [32]. Beat tracking methods are evaluated in [59,90].…”

Modeling, analyzing, and synthesizing expressive piano performance with graphical models

“…Much of this work revolves around the so-called "transcription problem" (trying to extract the symbolic representation of a piece of music from raw audio) (Raphael, 2002;Cemgil, Kappen and Barber, 2003;Scheirer, 1995;Dixon, 2001) and the related problems of tempo tracking and rhythm quantization (Lang & de Freitas, 2005;. The problems of modeling aspects of composition and performance style have received somewhat less attention.…”