“…There are several factors that can generate defects including dust and foreign matter in the assembly process, short circuits, and open circuits in the scanning electrode and signal electrode, poor driver-integrated circuit contact, substrate ruptures, and scratches (Wang, Gao, Jian, Cen, & Chen, 2012). The defects on an OLED panel can cause not only visual failure but also electrical failure and operation malfunction (Lu & Tsai, 2005). The size of OLED defects is generally minute and mixed with the texture in the background, making manual inspection impractical.…”