“…Existing segmentation methods can be divided into two categories, the geometry-based segmentation techniques and deep learning-based approaches. The former includes but is not limited to threshold-based segmentation (Shen et al, 2018), region-based segmentation (Panagiotakis & Argyros, 2018), watershed algorithm and its variants (Ji et al, 2015), active contour (Wu et al, 2015), Chan-Vese segmentation (Braiki et al, 2020;Fan et al, 2013), and Graph-cut based segmentation (Oyebode & Tapamo, 2016). In the deep learning category, the conventional deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was initially applied (Jung et al, 2019;Sadanandan et al, 2017).…”