“…Figure 4 shows that, as long as the discrete time step ℎ ≤ ℎ 0 , the stable oscillation in the TD outputs can always be eliminated. [35,36]. A successful 1 , 2 , 3 output of the ESO under 01 = 100, 02 = 300, 03 = 1000, 1 = 0.5, 2 = 0.25, and = 0.05 is shown in Figure 5.…”
Section: The Adjusting Parameters Of the Tdmentioning
The Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) prefers the cascaded integral system for a convenient design or better control effect and takes it as a typical form. However, the state variables of practical system do not necessarily have a cascaded integral relationship. Therefore, this paper proposes an algebraic substitution method and its structure, which can convert a noncascaded integral system of PID control into a cascaded integral form. The adjusting parameters of the ADRC controller are also demonstrated. Meanwhile, a numerical example and the oscillation control of a flexible arm are demonstrated to show the conversion, controller design, and control effect. The converted system is proved to be more suitable for a direct ADRC control. In addition, for the numerical example, its control effect for the converted system is compared with a PID controller under different disturbances. The result shows that the converted system can achieve a better control effect under the ADRC than that of a PID. The theory is a guide before practice. This converting method not only solves the ADRC control problem of some noncascaded integral systems in theory and simulation but also expands the application scope of the ADRC method.
“…Figure 4 shows that, as long as the discrete time step ℎ ≤ ℎ 0 , the stable oscillation in the TD outputs can always be eliminated. [35,36]. A successful 1 , 2 , 3 output of the ESO under 01 = 100, 02 = 300, 03 = 1000, 1 = 0.5, 2 = 0.25, and = 0.05 is shown in Figure 5.…”
Section: The Adjusting Parameters Of the Tdmentioning
The Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) prefers the cascaded integral system for a convenient design or better control effect and takes it as a typical form. However, the state variables of practical system do not necessarily have a cascaded integral relationship. Therefore, this paper proposes an algebraic substitution method and its structure, which can convert a noncascaded integral system of PID control into a cascaded integral form. The adjusting parameters of the ADRC controller are also demonstrated. Meanwhile, a numerical example and the oscillation control of a flexible arm are demonstrated to show the conversion, controller design, and control effect. The converted system is proved to be more suitable for a direct ADRC control. In addition, for the numerical example, its control effect for the converted system is compared with a PID controller under different disturbances. The result shows that the converted system can achieve a better control effect under the ADRC than that of a PID. The theory is a guide before practice. This converting method not only solves the ADRC control problem of some noncascaded integral systems in theory and simulation but also expands the application scope of the ADRC method.
“…Further, an intelligent optimization algorithm may be applied to further optimize these parameters so as to obtain better control effectiveness. And aiming at the carrier landing control problem with mismatched model term, some robust control methods [43] [44] can also serve as reference and guidance.…”
In this paper, the longitudinal control of automatic carrier landing is studied. First, the carrier landing control problem is transformed into an optimal control problem of trajectory tracking. Considering the constraints of the control variables and the rate of change of control variables in the realistic landing process, the original linear small disturbance model is expanded. Based on the symplectic pseudospectral method and the adaptive regression prediction technology, a fast receding horizon carrier landing control technology with a variable reference trajectory is developed. Finally, the effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified by simulations at different sea states, initial deviations, and reference trajectory selection strategies. The simulation results demonstrate that the introduction of deck motion prediction can greatly reduce the phase delay of the control system and enhance the tracking ability of the carrier-based aircraft and improve the control effectiveness significantly. The proposed algorithm can precisely control the carrier landing trajectory under initial deviations, the external continuous wind disturbances, and random error of the state variables. Additionally, the calculation efficiency of the present control algorithm is sufficient for real-time online tracking.
“…In Ref. [11], active disturbance rejection control was used for unmanned aerial vehicle carrier landing. These nonlinear control methods proved useful in this application.…”
This paper presents a L1 adaptive controller augmenting a dynamic inversion controller for UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) carrier landing. A three axis and a power compensator NDI (nonlinear dynamic inversion) controller serves as the baseline controller for this architecture. The inner-loop command inputs are roll-rate, pitch-rate, yaw-rate, and thrust commands. The outer-loop command inputs come from the guidance law to correct the glide slope. However, imperfect model inversion and nonaccurate aerodynamic data may cause degradation of performance and may lead to the failure of the carrier landing. The L1 adaptive controller is designed as augmentation controller to account for matched and unmatched system uncertainties. The performance of the controller is examined through a Monte Carlo simulation which shows the effectiveness of the developed L1 adaptive control scheme based on nonlinear dynamic inversion.
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