Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming.

Blair, Irene V.; Banaji, Mahzarin R.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1142

Cited by 550 publications

(511 citation statements)

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“…Bias can be overt (explicit bias) or hidden and unconscious (implicit bias). [6][7][8][9] Implicit bias is often present even when explicit bias is absent. 10,11 Recent studies [12][13][14] show that clinicians are no different from the broader population, having substantial implicit bias against minority groups, even as they report little explicit bias.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of Associations Between Clinicians’ Ethnic or Racial Bias and Hypertension Treatment, Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control

et al. 2014

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have directly investigated the association of clinicians' implicit (unconscious) bias with health care disparities in clinical settings. OBJECTIVE: To determine if clinicians' implicit ethnic or racial bias is associated with processes and outcomes of treatment for hypertension among black and Latino patients, relative to white patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Primary care clinicians completed Implicit Association Tests of ethnic and racial bias. Electronic medical records were queried for a stratified, random sample of the clinicians' black, Latino and white patients to assess treatment intensification, adherence and control of hypertension. Multilevel random coefficient models assessed the associations between clinicians' implicit biases and ethnic or racial differences in hypertension care and outcomes. MAIN MEASURES: Standard measures of treatment intensification and medication adherence were calculated from pharmacy refills. Hypertension control was assessed by the percentage of time that patients met blood pressure goals recorded during primary care visits. KEY RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-eight primary care clinicians and 4,794 patients with hypertension participated. Black patients received equivalent treatment intensification, but had lower medication adherence and worse hypertension control than white patients; Latino patients received equivalent treatment intensification and had similar hypertension control, but lower medication adherence than white patients. Differences in treatment intensification, medication adherence and hypertension control were unrelated to clinician implicit bias for black patients (P=0.85, P= 0.06 and P=0.31, respectively) and for Latino patients (P=0.55, P=0.40 and P=0.79, respectively). An increase in clinician bias from average to strong was associated with a relative change of less than 5 % in all outcomes for black and Latino patients. CONCLUSIONS: Implicit bias did not affect clinicians' provision of care to their minority patients, nor did it affect the patients' outcomes. The identification of health care contexts in which bias does not impact outcomes can assist both patients and clinicians in their efforts to build trust and partnership.KEY WORDS: hypertension; healthcare disparities; discrimination; implicit bias; race/ethnicity; quality. J Gen Intern Med 29(7):987-95

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of Associations Between Clinicians’ Ethnic or Racial Bias and Hypertension Treatment, Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control

et al. 2014

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“…This is the automatic, i.e., unintended, passive and unconscious, influence of stereotype priming on behavior, according to these authors. These and similar effects elicited by priming in the context of the automaticity (vs. control) of social constructs, as well as of social evaluations (see Section 3.5.2 below), have been abundantly reported (e.g., Aarts et al, 2005 Abbate et al, 2013;Blair & Banaji, 1996;Spruyt & Tibboel, 2015;Steele & Ambadi, 2006). …”

Section: Automatic Vs Controlled Processingmentioning

confidence: 74%

Lost in dissociation: The main paradigms in unconscious cognition

Augusto

2016

Consciousness and Cognition

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Contemporary studies in unconscious cognition are essentially founded on dissociation, i.e., on how it dissociates with respect to conscious mental processes and representations. This is claimed to be in so many and diverse ways that one is often lost in dissociation. In order to reduce this state of confusion we here carry out two major tasks: based on the central distinction between cognitive processes and representations, we identify and isolate the main dissociation paradigms; we then critically analyze their key tenets and reported findings.

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“…Not only were the effects indeed stronger among the role-words, but there was no evidence for stereotype content and narrowness among the trait-words. This finding is surprising in light of research pointing to the ubiquity of each gender's association with particular traits (Blair & Banaji, 1996;Blair et al, 2001). There may have been yet another difference between our role-words and trait-words however.…”

Section: Gender Stereotypes and Semantic Meaning 19mentioning

confidence: 79%