Automated tracking of lava lake level using thermal images at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i

Patrick, Matthew R.; Swanson, Donald A.; Orr, Tim R.

doi:10.1186/s13617-016-0047-0

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, Hawaiian LFs are normally 200-400 m high (Head and Wilson, 1987;Wolfe et al, 1988), whereas on Etna we measured LF up to 3-4 km in height during the lapse of time here considered ( Table 1). It is worth noting that during the explosive activity of Kilauea observed on 17 May 2018, when a summit circular vent was active within the Halemaumau Crater (Patrick et al, 2016), a more than 9 km high ash plume was reported 1 This suggests that, considering all other parameters as steady, a circular vent might promote a greater vertical distribution of the erupted ash when compared to a fissure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxysmal Explosions, Lava Fountains and Ash Plumes at Etna Volcano: Eruptive Processes and Hazard Implications

et al. 2018

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Lava fountains have a major impact on the local population since they cause ash plumes that spread several kilometers above and hundreds of kilometers away from the crater. Ash fallout is responsible for disrupting airports and traffic on the motorways well beyond the area of the volcano itself, as well as affecting the stability of buildings and causing public health issues. It is thus a primary scientific target to forecast the impact of this activity on local communities on the basis of parameters recorded by the monitoring network. Between 2011 and 2015, 49 paroxysmal explosive episodes occurred at two of Mt Etna's five summit craters: the New South-East Crater (NSEC) and the Voragine (VOR). In this paper, we examine the features of the 40 episodes occurring at the NSEC during 2011-2013, and of the 4 events at VOR in December 2015. We study these paroxysms using geophysical monitoring data, characterize the episodes, and analyse all available data statistically. Our main results are two empirical relationships allowing us to forecast the maximum elevation of the ash plume from the average height of the lava fountain, useful for hazard assessment and risk mitigation. For Etna, and using the examples described in this paper, we can infer that wind speed <10 m s −1 generally results in strong to intermediate plumes rising vertically above the crater, whereas wind speed >10 m s −1 is normally associated with weak plumes, bent-over along the wind direction and reaching lower elevations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxysmal Explosions, Lava Fountains and Ash Plumes at Etna Volcano: Eruptive Processes and Hazard Implications

et al. 2018

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“…Lava level is inferred from thermal images acquired by a stationary camera located on the east rim of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater (Figure ) and calibrated using theodolite, lidar, and laser rangefinder measurements (mostly the latter). Instrumentation and methodology are described in detail by Patrick et al [, , , ]. During 2011–2015, the lava level within Kīlauea's summit eruptive vent fluctuated over a range of more than 200 m (Figure a), although levels were relatively stable for the majority of this time period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into shallow magmatic processes at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, from a multiyear continuous gravity time series

Poland

Carbone

2016

JGR Solid Earth

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Continuous gravity data collected near the summit eruptive vent at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, during 2011–2015 show a strong correlation with summit‐area surface deformation and the level of the lava lake within the vent over periods of days to weeks, suggesting that changes in gravity reflect variations in volcanic activity. Joint analysis of gravity and lava level time series data indicates that over the entire time period studied, the average density of the lava within the upper tens to hundreds of meters of the summit eruptive vent remained low—approximately 1000–1500 kg/m3. The ratio of gravity change (adjusted for Earth tides and instrumental drift) to lava level change measured over 15 day windows rose gradually over the course of 2011–2015, probably reflecting either (1) a small increase in the density of lava within the eruptive vent or (2) an increase in the volume of lava within the vent due to gradual vent enlargement. Superimposed on the overall time series were transient spikes of mass change associated with inflation and deflation of Kīlauea's summit and coincident changes in lava level. The unexpectedly strong mass variations during these episodes suggest magma flux to and from the shallow magmatic system without commensurate deformation, perhaps indicating magma accumulation within, and withdrawal from, void space—a process that might not otherwise be apparent from lava level and deformation data alone. Continuous gravity data thus provide unique insights into magmatic processes, arguing for continued application of the method at other frequently active volcanoes.

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“…Bebbington [2010] compared trends and clustering of volcanic activity including many references on globally applicable cases. Thus, hazard estimates are often based only on the spatial distributions of specific hazardous actions conditional on the occurrence of a specific or an ensemble of volcanic events [e.g., Todesco et al, 2006;Costa et al, 2009;Neri et al, 2015;Macedonio et al, 2016] and ignore the temporal aspects. Long-term temporal models are therefore necessary to provide a comprehensive assessment of hazard to be used for urban planning and risk reduction of the territory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal models for the episodic volcanism of Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) with uncertainty quantification

et al. 2016

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After the large‐scale event of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (~15 ka B.P.), intense and mostly explosive volcanism has occurred within and along the boundaries of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). Eruptions occurred closely spaced in time, over periods from a few centuries to a few millennia, and were alternated with periods of quiescence lasting up to several millennia. Often events also occurred closely in space, thus generating a cluster of events. This study had two main objectives: (1) to describe the uncertainty in the geologic record by using a quantitative model and (2) to develop, based on the uncertainty assessment, a long‐term subdomain specific temporal probability model that describes the temporal and spatial eruptive behavior of the caldera. In particular, the study adopts a space‐time doubly stochastic nonhomogeneous Poisson‐type model with a local self‐excitation feature able to generate clustering of events which are consistent with the reconstructed record of Campi Flegrei. Results allow the evaluation of similarities and differences between the three epochs of activity as well as to derive eruptive base rate of the caldera and its capacity to generate clusters of events. The temporal probability model is also used to investigate the effect of the most recent eruption of Monte Nuovo (A.D. 1538) in a possible reactivation of the caldera and to estimate the time to the next eruption under different volcanological and modeling assumptions.

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Automated tracking of lava lake level using thermal images at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Paroxysmal Explosions, Lava Fountains and Ash Plumes at Etna Volcano: Eruptive Processes and Hazard Implications

Paroxysmal Explosions, Lava Fountains and Ash Plumes at Etna Volcano: Eruptive Processes and Hazard Implications

Insights into shallow magmatic processes at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, from a multiyear continuous gravity time series

Temporal models for the episodic volcanism of Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) with uncertainty quantification

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