Automated sleep staging in rat with a standard spreadsheet

David, Cristhian; Portell-Cortès, Isabel; Torras-Garcia, Meritxell; Morgado-Bernal, Ignacio

doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00229-2

Cited by 45 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The sleep state (rapid-eye-movement sleep, REM; nonrapid-eye-movement sleep, non-REM; or wake, W) was scored automatically using an established protocol (51). Briefly, the scoring consisted of filtering the EEG into ''delta'' (0.5-4 Hz) and ''theta'' (6 -10 Hz) frequency bands and scoring 20-s epochs as one or other of the three states based on W being periods of high EMG and intermediate theta/delta ratio, REM being periods with high theta/delta ratio and low EMG and non-REM being periods with high delta waves, low theta/ delta ratio, and low EMG.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unexpected role for TASK-3 potassium channels in network oscillations with implications for sleep mechanisms and anesthetic action

Pang¹,

Robledo²,

Carr³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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TASK channels are acid-sensitive and anesthetic-activated members of the family of two-pore-domain potassium channels. We have made the surprising discovery that the genetic ablation of TASK-3 channels eliminates a specific type of theta oscillation in the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) resembling type II theta (4 -9 Hz), which is thought to be important in processing sensory stimuli before initiating motor activity. In contrast, ablation of TASK-1 channels has no effect on theta oscillations. Despite the absence of type II theta oscillations in the TASK-3 knockout (KO) mice, the related type I theta, which has certain neuronal pathways in common and is involved in exploratory behavior, is unaffected. In addition to the absence of type II theta oscillations, the TASK-3 KO animals show marked alterations in both anesthetic sensitivity and natural sleep behavior. Their sensitivity to halothane, a potent activator of TASK channels, is greatly reduced, whereas their sensitivity to cyclopropane, which does not activate TASK-3 channels, is unchanged. The TASK-3 KO animals exhibit a slower progression from their waking to sleeping states and, during their sleeping period, their sleep episodes as well as their REM theta oscillations are more fragmented. These results imply a previously unexpected role for TASK-3 channels in the cellular mechanisms underlying these behaviors and suggest that endogenous modulators of these channels may regulate theta oscillations.I f a sufficient number of neurons participate in network oscillations, then the local field potentials summate, and measurable voltage oscillations can be recorded in the electroencephalogram (EEG). These oscillations are observed over a wide range of frequencies and reflect the synchronous neuronal activity that occurs during a variety of different behaviors. For example, as animals explore their environments, as they learn and lay down memories, as they process sensory input, and as they sleep, characteristic oscillations occur in the ''theta'' range of frequencies (4-12 Hz) (1). These theta oscillations are often divided into two types (1-5): Type I, which occurs at slightly higher frequencies (6-12 Hz), and type II (also known as arousal theta), which occurs at the lower end of the range (4-9 Hz). Type I theta is associated with exploratory behavior, walking, running, and rearing, whereas type II theta is associated with immobility during the processing of sensory stimuli relevant to initiating, or intending to initiate, motor activity.The neuronal networks that generate these theta oscillations involve ascending pathways from the brainstem that project to the hypothalamus and then to the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca and the hippocampus (6-9). Where the true pacemaker is located is unclear, but the basic requirements for a neuron to oscillate are a depolarizing drive (such as a sodium current) together with a restoring drive, such as a repolarizing potassium current. Most computational models (10-12) include several different ionic currents, som...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unexpected role for TASK-3 potassium channels in network oscillations with implications for sleep mechanisms and anesthetic action

Pang¹,

Robledo²,

Carr³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Close temporal association of the neuronal activities in the lateral habenula with the hippocampal oscillation Appearance of the hippocampal theta characterizes REM sleep (Jouvet, 1969) and is believed to be critical for temporal coding and decoding of active neuronal ensembles and the modification of synaptic efficacy (Buzsáki, 2002). Since the oscillatory activity that we observed in LHb neurons was in the theta frequency range, we suspected that changes in firing patterns of the LHb neuron during REM sleep could have a close temporal association with the hippocampal theta oscillation.…”

Section: Lateral Habenula Is Indispensable For Maintaining the Duratimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During theta oscillation in the hippocampus, pacemaker neurons in MS and vDBB were subdivided into several groups according to the preferred phase of the hippocampal theta cycle (Dragoi et al, 1999;Borhegyi et al, 2004). Since we identified two groups of LHb neurons that each preferentially fired at distinct phases of the theta cycle, examining whether activity of vDBB neurons correlated with that of LHb neurons under anesthesia and during REM sleep will clarify the mechanism by which LHb neurons show phase-locking activity to the hippocampal theta oscillation.…”

Section: Lateral Habenula As a Regulatory Region Of The Hippocampal Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theta rhythm is the oscillatory activity that underlies communication between the neural structures. Specifically, theta oscillation in the hippocampus (HPC) appears both in the awake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep state, and has been implicated in modifying synaptic plasticity for memory formation (Buzsáki, 2002). Indeed, synchronous firing of the hippocampal neurons and theta oscillation predicts strength in memory formation (Rutishauser et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Synchronous Activity of Lateral Habenular Neurons Is Essential for Regulating Hippocampal Theta Oscillation

et al. 2013

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Lateral habenula (LHb) has attracted growing interest as a regulator of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. However, it remains unclear how the LHb modulates brain states in animals. To identify the neural substrates that are under the influence of LHb regulation, we examined the effects of rat LHb lesions on the hippocampal oscillatory activity associated with the transition of brain states. Our results showed that the LHb lesion shortened the theta activity duration both in anesthetized and sleeping rats. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of LHb lesion on theta maintenance depended upon an intact serotonergic median raphe, suggesting that LHb activity plays an essential role in maintaining hippocampal theta oscillation via the serotonergic raphe. Multiunit recording of sleeping rats further revealed that firing of LHb neurons showed significant phase-locking activity at each theta oscillation cycle in the hippocampus. LHb neurons showing activity that was coordinated with that of the hippocampal theta were localized in the medial LHb division, which receives afferents from the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), a pacemaker region for the hippocampal theta oscillation. Thus, our findings indicate that the DBB may pace not only the hippocampus, but also the LHb, during rapid eye movement sleep. Since serotonin is known to negatively regulate theta oscillation in the hippocampus, phase-locking activity of the LHb neurons may act, under the influence of the DBB, to maintain the hippocampal theta oscillation by modulating the activity of serotonergic neurons.

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“…1 -4 But for a long time, the application of the visually detected thresholds from one session to all the recordings from the same animal would reduce the accuracy of sleep staging because these characteristics may change with experimental manipulations (drugs, learning, etc. ); 5 hence it is necessary to check and adjust periodically to provide reliable thresholds. 3 However, such a procedure would be cumbersome and would interrupt the realtime process.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optimized single electroencephalogram channel sleep staging in rats

et al. 2010

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Most studies of sleep staging in rats use both multichannels electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG), so it would be convenient and meaningful in some fields if sleep staging in rats could be realized using a single EEG channel. In this study, we used a single bipolar cortical EEG electrode at the frontal-parietal location with a 0.5 -30 Hz filter band and a clustering sleep-staging algorithm including seven classification parameters. The agreements between the computer and two independent raters were 96.9 + 1.1% for Wake, 97.1 + 1.4% for non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and 91.4 + 2.5% for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and the overall agreement was 96.7 + 0.7%. These results indicate that the accuracies of sleep staging remain high even though only a single EEG channel was used and that a system based on this scheme would be suitable for realtime and long-term studies of sleep.

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Automated sleep staging in rat with a standard spreadsheet

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

An unexpected role for TASK-3 potassium channels in network oscillations with implications for sleep mechanisms and anesthetic action

An unexpected role for TASK-3 potassium channels in network oscillations with implications for sleep mechanisms and anesthetic action

The Synchronous Activity of Lateral Habenular Neurons Is Essential for Regulating Hippocampal Theta Oscillation

Optimized single electroencephalogram channel sleep staging in rats

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