Automated Segmentation of Levator Ani Muscle from 3D Endovaginal Ultrasound Images

Abstract

Levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion is a common complication of vaginal childbirth and is linked to several pelvic floor disorders. Diagnosing and treating these conditions require imaging of the pelvic floor and examination of the obtained images, which is a time-consuming process subjected to operator variability. In our study, we proposed using deep learning (DL) to automate the segmentation of the LAM from 3D endovaginal ultrasound images (EVUS) to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Over one thousand images extracted from the 3D EVUS data of healthy subjects and patients with pelvic floor disorders were utilized for the automated LAM segmentation. A U-Net model was implemented, with Intersection over Union (IoU) and Dice metrics being used for model performance evaluation. The model achieved a mean Dice score of 0.86, demonstrating a better performance than existing works. The mean IoU was 0.76, indicative of a high degree of overlap between the automated and manual segmentation of the LAM. Three other models including Attention UNet, FD-UNet and Dense-UNet were also applied on the same images which showed comparable results. Our study demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of using DL segmentation with U-Net architecture to automate LAM segmentation to reduce the time and resources required for manual segmentation of 3D EVUS images. The proposed method could become an important component in AI-based diagnostic tools, particularly in low socioeconomic regions where access to healthcare resources is limited. By improving the management of pelvic floor disorders, our approach may contribute to better patient outcomes in these underserved areas.

Applicability of Deep Learning to Dynamically Identify the Different Organs of the Pelvic Floor in the Midsagittal Plane

“…Studies that examined the hiatus area of the elevator using DL reported DSIs greater than 0.9 [4,5,15,16], establishing a value of 0.94 in the case of the urogenital hiatus [17]. However, when using the DL to study solid structures, as in the case of the levator ani muscle, the DSI is lower, ranging between 0.6 and 0.77 [4,18,19]. The reason for this may be that solid structures present less contrast with neighboring structures and are more difficult to delimit.…”