Automated scoring of Bender Gestalt Test using image analysis techniques

Moetesum, Momina; Siddiqi, Imran; Masroor, Uzma; Djeddi, Chawki

doi:10.1109/icdar.2015.7333845

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Visual analysis techniques include studies that attempt to analyze completed responses of graphomotor-based neuropsychological tasks such as the Necker's cube [52], ROCF [53], BGT [54], and CDT [55]. Most of these tests include geometrically inspired shapes that involve linearity, circularity, curvilinearity and angularity components, and aim at the visual-perceptual orientation of the subjects.…”

Section: Proposed Categorization Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include various static and dynamic features specific to the objective of the study. Spatial and (a) CDT [28] (b) ROCF [144] (c) Handwriting [29] (d) Shape [57] (e) Spiral [74] (f) BGT sample [54] Fig. 2 Examples of visual and procedural graphomotor-based neuropsychological tests used in AI systems geometric features are extracted at the component-level or globally.…”

Section: Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey of visual and procedural handwriting analysis for neuropsychological assessment

Moetesum

Diaz

Masroor

et al. 2022

Neural Comput & Applic

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To date, Artificial Intelligence systems for handwriting and drawing analysis have primarily targeted domains such as writer identification and sketch recognition. Conversely, the automatic characterization of graphomotor patterns as biomarkers of brain health is a relatively less explored research area. Despite its importance, the work done in this direction is limited and sporadic. This paper aims to provide a survey of related work to provide guidance to novice researchers and highlight relevant study contributions. The literature has been grouped into “visual analysis techniques” and “procedural analysis techniques”. Visual analysis techniques evaluate offline samples of a graphomotor response after completion. On the other hand, procedural analysis techniques focus on the dynamic processes involved in producing a graphomotor reaction. Since the primary goal of both families of strategies is to represent domain knowledge effectively, the paper also outlines the commonly employed handwriting representation and estimation methods presented in the literature and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. It also highlights the limitations of existing processes and the challenges commonly faced when designing such systems. High-level directions for further research conclude the paper.

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Section: Proposed Categorization Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of visual and procedural handwriting analysis for neuropsychological assessment

Moetesum

Diaz

Masroor

et al. 2022

Neural Comput & Applic

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“…This investigation compared algorithmic and expert assigned scores in a cohort of 1,315 outpatients and concluded that the program exhibited a comparative scoring accuracy of 98.54% (Chen et al, 2020). Similarly, Moetesum et al (2015) applied an automated approach to assessing performance on the Bender Gestalt Test (Koppitz, 1964) within a sample of 18 healthy adults. The performance of this program varied dramatically depending on the specific gestalt component being assessed [range = 6/18 (overlap) and 18/ 18 (rotation); Moetesum et al, 2015].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Moetesum et al (2015) applied an automated approach to assessing performance on the Bender Gestalt Test (Koppitz, 1964) within a sample of 18 healthy adults. The performance of this program varied dramatically depending on the specific gestalt component being assessed [range = 6/18 (overlap) and 18/ 18 (rotation); Moetesum et al, 2015].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of an automated scoring program for a digital complex figure copy task within healthy aging and stroke.

Webb¹,

Moore²,

Yamshchikova³

et al. 2021

Neuropsychology

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ObjectiveComplex Figure Copy Tasks are one of the most commonly employed neuropsychological tests. However, manual scoring of this test is time-consuming, requires training, and can then still be inconsistent between different examiners. We aimed to develop and evaluate a novel, automated method for scoring a tablet-based Figure Copy Task. Method A cohort of 261 healthy adults and 203 stroke survivors completed the digital Oxford Cognitive Screen -Plus Figure Copy Task. Responses were independently scored by two trained human raters and by a novel automated scoring program. ResultsOverall, the Automated Scoring Program was able to reliably extract and identify the separate figure elements (average sensitivity and specificity of 92.10% and 90.20% respectively) and assigned total scores which agreed well with manual scores (ICC = .83). Receiver Operating Curve analysis demonstrated that, compared to overall impairment categorisations based on manual scores, the Automated Scoring Program had an overall sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 93.40% respectively (AUC = 86.70%). Automated total scores also reliably distinguished between different clinical impairment groups with sub-acute stroke survivors scoring significantly worse than longer term survivors, which in turn scored worse than neurologically healthy adults. ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that the novel automated scoring algorithm was able to reliably extract and accurately score Figure Copy Task data, even in cases where drawings were highly distorted AUTOMATED SCORING OF COMPLEX FIGURES 3 due to comorbid fine-motor deficits. This represents a significant advancement as this novel technology can be employed to produce immediate, unbiased, and reproducible scores for Figure Copy Task responses in clinical and research environments.

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Two-Step Fine-Tuned Convolutional Neural Networks for Multi-label Classification of Children’s Drawings

Zeeshan

Siddiqi

Moetesum

2021

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Automated scoring of Bender Gestalt Test using image analysis techniques

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

A survey of visual and procedural handwriting analysis for neuropsychological assessment

A survey of visual and procedural handwriting analysis for neuropsychological assessment

Validation of an automated scoring program for a digital complex figure copy task within healthy aging and stroke.

Two-Step Fine-Tuned Convolutional Neural Networks for Multi-label Classification of Children’s Drawings

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