“…In addition, energy‐based neural networks including restricted Boltzmann machine and conditional random fields have been applied in road structure distress classification (Maeda et al., 2019), concrete strength estimation (Rafiei et al., 2017), group worker activity recognition (Luo et al., 2020), real estate price estimation (Rafiei & Adeli, 2016), earthquake warning systems (Rafiei & Adeli, 2017a), and construction cost estimation (Rafiei & Adeli, 2018). Recently, more advanced neural networks including convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network have been applied in the automatic pavement crack detection (Bang et al., 2019; A. Zhang, Wang, et al., 2019), and structural concrete damage detection (Liu et al., 2020; S. Li, Zhao, et al., 2019; Tong et al., 2020; X. Yang, Li, et al., 2018), and pedestrian counting (Shen et al., 2019). Other application contexts of DL—traffic flow prediction and traffic incident detection—were proposed initially by Adeli et al.…”