Automated method using direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for profiling naphthenic acids in produced water

Evolution of Green Sample Preparation: Fostering a Sustainable Tomorrow in Analytical Sciences

“…Crucello et al 229 proposed an automated DI-SPME and onfiber derivatization GCxGC-High resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) for profiling naphthenic acids (94) in produced water. Although the derivatization step should be avoided from the green perspective, the online procedure allowed simultaneous extraction (rinsing and drying), derivatization, and preconcentration in a single step.…”

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography— A discussion on recent innovations

“…In such cases, a frequently utilized solution involves splitting after the 2 D column. This allows a portion of the effluent to be directed towards the MS, while another portion is directed to waste or to another detector, typically an FID [98][99][100][101]. Such setups capitalize on the quantitative capabilities of the FID and combine this with the qualitative strengths of MS. Bauwens et al [102] coupled a liquid-chromatographic (LC) preseparation online with GC × GC with dual detection, resulting in a powerful LC-GC × GC-FID/MS platform.…”

“…Orbitrap-MS instruments were recently also online, coupled with GC × GC. Crucello et al [99] describe a combination of a flow-modulated GC × GC instrument with an Orbitrap MS for determining naphthenic acids in water samples (after extensive sample preparation). A 20 m long, 180 μm id, 0.18 μm film thickness 1 D column and a 2.5 m × 250 μm id × 0.25 μm 2 D column were used, with an auxiliary helium flow augmenting the carrier-gas flow during modulation.…”

A New Perspective on SPME and SPME Arrow: Formaldehyde Determination by On-Sample Derivatization Coupled with Multiple and Cooling-Assisted Extractions

“…Thus far, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the most widely available coatings employed in the entrapment of volatile analytes via METs; this is mainly due to the ease of control of the extraction process, as well as the absence of competition among analytes during absorption, making it the best choice in the presence of complex matrices [ 29 ]. The recent applications involve coupling SPME with on-fiber derivatization [ 27 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. In particular, several reports described the reaction of carbonyl compounds with o -(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and subsequent separation of PFB-oxime derivatives by GC coupled with different detectors [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], showing that the derivatives had outstanding chromatographic properties.…”