BACKGROUND: Individual differences in cortical gray matter (GM) structure are associated with cognitive function and psychiatric disorders with developmental origins. Identifying when individual differences in cortical structure are established in childhood is critical for understanding the timing of abnormal cortical development associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
METHODS:We studied the development of cortical GM and white matter (WM) volume, cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in two unique cohorts of singleton (121 male/131 female) and twin (99 male/83 female) children imaged longitudinally from birth to 6 years.Results: Cortical GM volume increases rapidly in the first year of life, with more gradual growth thereafter. Between ages 1 and 6 years, total SA expands 29%, while average CT decreases about 3.5%. In both cohorts, a large portion of individual variation in cortical GM volume (81-87%) and total SA (73-83%) at 6 years is present by age 1 year. Regional heterogeneity of CT observed at age 6 is largely in place at age 1.
CONCLUSIONS:These findings indicate that individual differences in cortical GM structure are largely established by the end of the first year of life, following a period of rapid postnatal GM *