Automated face coding: A computer-vision based method of facial expression analysis in parent-infant interaction

Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis

“…Face shape, texture, color, and facial and scalp hair vary with sex, ethnic background, and age [6,23]. Infants, for instance, have smoother, less textured skin and often lack facial hair in the brows or scalp.…”

“…Few attempts to study their influence exist. An exception was a study by Zlochower [23]. They found that algorithms for optical flow and highgradient component detection that had been optimized for young adults performed less well when used in infants.…”

“…We are making arrangements to include data from our studies of emotion processes. In these studies, we have elicited emotion responses in infants, children, and adults and recorded their facial and vocal behavior [e.g., 3,23]. Figure 2 from [18] shows an example of automated face detection and feature tracking in an image sequence of face-to-face interaction between a mother and her infant.…”

Facial Expression Analysis

“…Face shape, texture, color, and facial and scalp hair vary with sex, ethnic background, and age [29,99]. Infants, for instance, have smoother, less textured skin and often lack facial hair in the brows or scalp.…”

“…Few attempts to study their influence exist. An exception was a study by Zlochower et al [99], who found that algorithms for optical flow and high-gradient component detection that had been optimized for young adults performed less well when used in infants. The reduced texture AU 1+2 AU 1+4 AU 4+5 AU 1+2+4 AU 1+2+5 AU 1+6 AU 6+7 AU 1+2+5+6+7 AU 23+24 AU 9+17 AU 9+25 AU 9+17+23+24 AU 10+17 AU 10+25 AU 10+15+17 AU 12+25 AU 12+26 AU 15+17 AU 17+23+24 AU 20+25 of infants' skin, their increased fatty tissue, juvenile facial conformation, and lack of transient furrows may all have contributed to the differences observed in face analysis between infants and adults.…”