Autolysis of Bacillus subtilis induced by monovalent cations

Svarachorn, Ancharida; Shinmyo, Atsuhiko; Tsuchido, Tetsuaki; Takano, Mitsuo

doi:10.1007/bf00256222

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…that the concentration of sodium and potassium ions affected the extent of cell lysis caused by surfactants also is consistent with this hypothesis, in that autolysis is induced and that autolysin activity in vitro and whole-cell autolysis are stimulated by these cations (1,13,21,24,31).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, once bacterial cells are exposed to various treatments, such as low temperatures (19) and the addition of penicillin (25), monovalent cations at high concentrations (24), or some surfactants and fatty acids (2,20,26,27), autolysins are deregulated to degrade the peptidoglycan structure. We have also observed that B. subtilis cells treated with fatty acids and their esters show a twisted shape, a filamentous shape, or both during subse.quent growth (26,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lysis and aberrant morphology of Bacillus subtilis cells caused by surfactants and their relation to autolysin activity

Tsuchido

Svarachorn

Soga

et al. 1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The surfactants tested in this study lysed Bacilus subtilis 168 cells at the logarithmic growth phase. Results obtained with inhibitors and a mutant that had defective autolytic enzymes suggested that cell lysis resulted from the deregulation of autolysin activity. The addition of surfactants at sublytic concentrations produced twisted cells, filamented cells, or both. Autolysins extracted with 5 M LiCl from the cell wall fraction and lysozyme added to cells that were treated with surfactants restored the apparently normal cell rod morphology, suggesting that surfactants interfere with the role of autolysins in normal construction of the cell envelope. The rates of cellular autolysis and autolysin activity remaining in growing cells after exposure to a surfactant at a sublytic concentration decreased, although the rate of turnover of cell wall peptidoglycan was the same as that of control cells. Surfactants were suggested to interact with the regulatory system of autolysins and, thus, to affect the activities of autolysins in B. subls cells and to cause either morphological changes or cell autolysis, depending on the concentration of surfactants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysis and aberrant morphology of Bacillus subtilis cells caused by surfactants and their relation to autolysin activity

Tsuchido

Svarachorn

Soga

et al. 1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The decrease in C mic was related to toxic effect of Na + and Cl − on soil microflora (Darrah et al 1987;Garcia and Hernandez 1996;Svarachorn et al 1998; Pankhurst et al Table 1 Irrigation-induced secondary salinity effects on pH, salt associated ions, total, organic, extractable C, total N and P concentration in soil under cotton monoculture (0-30 cm depth)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil salinity E C dSm EC electrical conductivity, K exchangeable potassium, Ca exchangeable calcium, Mg exchanageable magnesium, Na exchangeable sodium, CO 3 carbonate, and Cl chloride, C T total C, C Org total organic C, C Ext 0.5 M neutral potassium sulfate extractable C, N total nitrogen, and P total phosphorus Soil salinity (E C ) C mic (mgkg Table 2 Irrigation-induced salinity effects on microbial biomass in soil under cotton monoculture (0-30 cm depth) E C electrical conductivity, C mic microbial biomass C, C Org total organic C 2001; Sardinha et al 2003;Rietz and Haynes 2003;Ndour et al 2008) as well as due to the osmotic effect (Batra and Manna 1997;Svarachorn et al 1998;Rietz and Haynes 2003). The C mic responds more quickly to the changes in soil ecosystems than the C Org content, which includes organic pools with a slow turnover due to their association with clays and metals (Böhme and Böhme 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary salinity effects on soil microbial biomass

et al. 2010

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Secondary soil salinilization is a big problem in irrigated agriculture. We have studied the effects of irrigation-induced salinity on microbial biomass of soil under traditional cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) monoculture in Sayhunobod district of the Syr-Darya province of northwest Uzbekistan. Composite samples were randomly collected at 0-30 cm depth from weakly saline (2.3± 0.3 dS m −1 ), moderately saline (5.6±0.6 dS m −1 ), and strongly saline (7.1±0.6 dS m −1 ) replicated fields, 2-mm sieved, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total C, organic C (C Org ), and extractable C, total N and P, and ), microbial biomass (C mic ). The Na + and Cl − concentrations were 36-80% higher in strongly saline compared to weakly saline soil. The C Org concentration was decreased by 10% and C Ext by 40% by increasing soil salinity, whereas decrease in C mic ranged from 18-42% and the percentage of C Org present as C mic from 8% to 26%. We conclude that irrigation-induced secondary salinity significantly affects soil chemical properties and the size of soil microflora.

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“…B. subtilis transformation was performed by the competent cell method (Anagnostopoulos & Spizizen, 1961), and the protoplast transformation method (Akamatsu & Sekiguchi, 1987a, b). Cell lysis in buffer was measured according to the method of Svarachorn et al (1989). Southern and colony hybridizations were performed as described by Sambrook etal.…”

Section: Controlled Expression Of Modified Glucosaminidases In Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Glucosaminidase of Bacillus subtilis: cloning, regulation, primary structure and biochemical characterization

1995

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The 90 kDa glucosaminidase protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis AC327, and then the corresponding gene was cloned into Escherichia coli in two inactive forms by standard procedures. Nucleotide sequencing of the glucosaminidase region revealed a monocistronic operon, (designated lytD = w l G ) encoding a 95.6 kDa protein, comprising 880 amino acid residues, which has a typical signal peptide. Moreover, another monocistronic operon (designated pmi = orfX), encoding a 35.4 kDa protein, was found upstream of the glucosaminidase gene. Expression of a IytD-lacZ fusion gene, driven by lytD regulatory sequences, was observed during the exponential growth phase. The introduction of a sigD null mutation greatly reduced (by about 95%) the expression of the fusion. Amino acid sequence analysis of the glucosaminidase showed two types of direct repeats, each type being present twice, in the N-terminal-to-central region of the glucosaminidase: these repeats probably represent the cell-wall-binding domain. Zymographic analysis revealed that the 90 kDa glucosaminidase is partly processed to several smaller proteins (35-39 kDa), retaining lytic activity. Processing of these proteins occurred between the N-terminal cellwall-binding and C-terminal catalytic domains of the glucosaminidase, the site being located between the 569th and 606th codons of the glucosaminidase. Serial deletions from the N-terminus of the glucosaminidase revealed that the loss of more than one repeating unit drastically reduces its lytic activity toward cell walls. The IytD gene product, in either an intact or a truncated form, was found to be lethal for E. coli, and the N-terminally truncated glucosaminidase proteins, produced in E. coli, were very unstable. The partially purified glucosaminidase from B. subtilis was found to be very unstable at low ionic strength at 37 "C, but this instability was overcome by the addition of either SDS-purified cell wall or protease inhibitor (PMSF) to the enzyme or after purification of the glucosaminidase to apparent homogeneity.

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Autolysis of Bacillus subtilis induced by monovalent cations

Cited by 25 publications

References 20 publications

Lysis and aberrant morphology of Bacillus subtilis cells caused by surfactants and their relation to autolysin activity

Lysis and aberrant morphology of Bacillus subtilis cells caused by surfactants and their relation to autolysin activity

Secondary salinity effects on soil microbial biomass

Glucosaminidase of Bacillus subtilis: cloning, regulation, primary structure and biochemical characterization

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