Autoinductive Exponential Signal Amplification: A Diagnostic Probe for Direct Detection of Fluoride

Abstract

A new example of an exponential signal amplification strategy for the direct detection of fluoride is demonstrated. The amplification occurred through reaction of fluoride with a responsive chromogenic probe. The probe activity is based on a unique dendritic chain reaction that generates a fluoride anion, which is the analyte of interest, during the disassembly pathway of the dendritic probe. This autoinductive amplification mechanism may be applied for detection of other analytes by coupling activity of a modified probe with that of the fluoride amplifier.

Modular theranostic prodrug based on a FRET-activated self-immolative linker

“…We and others [18,19] have developed various molecules with self-immolative capabilities including linear linkers, dendrimers and polymers [20][21][22]. These self-immolative compounds have found application in prodrug design [10,23], targeted drug delivery systems [7,24], diagnostic probes [25] and signal amplification techniques [26][27][28][29][30]. In this study, we used a distinctive self-immolative linker to connect a specific substrate to a chemotherapeutic drug.…”

Self‐propagating amplification reactions for molecular detection and signal amplification: Advantages, pitfalls, and challenges

“…[9a, 9f, 15] In addition, due to the slowness of the reactions, the possibility of extremely low but naturally abundant levels of the analytes, or the presence of analyte analogs, can lead to a background due to adventitious initiation of the cascades (see below). In other words, given enough time, every auto-inductive cascade yet reported releases all reagents and reporters over an extended time period.…”

“…In particular, these researchers and others have reported three fluoride self-amplification systems, which release two fluorides from each fluoride trigger (compound 7, 8 and 9 , Figure 2). [9a, 9b, 9f, 15] The Anslyn group recently reported a six-fold release of fluoride for each fluoride trigger, amplifying both a colorimetric and fluorescence response (compound 10 ). [23] Phillips also designed self-powered polymeric materials (compounds 12 and 13 , Figure 2) by incorporating a fluoride self-propagating auto-inductive reaction directly onto polymers.…”

Design of Catalytically Amplified Sensors for Small Molecules

“…Sensors for H 2 O 2 [73] and fluoride [74] were designed in the Shabat group using decomposition of dendrimers through a chain reaction. In this approach the analyte removes a triggering group, which in turn produces more analyte and initiates additional reaction cycles and ultimately results in exponential growth of the signal generated by a reporter molecule.…”