Autoimmunity—Basics and link with periodontal disease

Kaur, Gagandeep; Mohindra, Kanika; Singla, Shifali

doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.013

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The production of antibodies in response to microorganisms in periodontal tissues, and the presence of natural killer T cells, autoreactive B-cells, heat shock proteins, autoantibodies, and predisposing genetic factors provide the basis for an autoimmune role in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease [ 24 ]. In diabetic patients, autoimmunity occurs in response to some defect in the usual self-control process resulting from chronic infection or tissue breakdown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of Diabetes, Its Oral Complications and Their Prevention and Management

Nazir

AlGhamdi

Alkadi

et al. 2018

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND:Diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic disease, is a public health problem that affects 8.5% adult population worldwide. The number of adults with DM has risen sharply from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. In 2012, 1.5 million individuals died because of DM and an additional 2.2 million deaths occurred because of high blood glucose level resulting in cardiovascular and other systemic diseases. DM brings huge economic loss to patients, their families, and healthcare systems. Globally, the cost of DM was US$1•31 trillion in 2015.AIM:This review article utilised the prevalence data of diabetes mellitus from the World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation to provide a comprehensive picture of the disease in different parts of the world.METHODS:Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search the literature. The library resources of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia were used to retrieve studies on the topics of the present review.RESULTS:Systemic complications of DM include heart attack, kidney disease, limb loss, blindness, and peripheral nerve damage. More than 90% of diabetic patients were found to have oral manifestations. It is known that DM severely damages oral tissues causing periodontal disease, tooth loss, xerostomia, caries, burning mouth disorder, taste and salivary gland dysfunction, delayed wound healing, lichen planus, geographic tongue, and candidiasis. The evidence is mounting about a strong bidirectional relationship between DM and periodontal disease. Unfortunately, many diabetic patients are unaware of the association between DM and oral health, and only a small percentage of them visit the dentist for routine dental check-ups. Changes in lifestyles (control of blood glucose levels and self-care practices), regular dental check-ups with emphasis on periodontal assessment, and reinforcement of oral health instructions can effectively prevent oral complications of DM. Scaling and root planning are effective in improving glycemic control among diabetic patients.CONCLUSION:Dental professionals should be part of the multidisciplinary team that helps individuals with diabetes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of Diabetes, Its Oral Complications and Their Prevention and Management

Nazir

AlGhamdi

Alkadi

et al. 2018

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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“…The immune system has an uneasy relationship with the environment (1), being a mobile network of cells with emergent properties derived from dynamic cellular interactions that have evolved to guard the body against attack (2). Under normal conditions, the immune system exhibits tolerance, and must be able to distinguish self from non-self and harmless nonself from dangerous non-self (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review

et al. 2020

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The current paradigm of onset and progression of periodontitis includes oral dysbiosis directed by inflammophilic bacteria, leading to altered resolution of inflammation and lack of regulation of the inflammatory responses. In the construction of explanatory models of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease, autoimmune mechanisms were among the first to be explored and historically, for more than five decades, they have been described in an isolated manner as part of the tissue damage process observed in periodontitis, however direct participation of these mechanisms in the tissue damage is still controversial. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic and environmental factors, leading to an imbalance between the effector and regulatory responses, mostly associated with failed resolution mechanisms. However, dysbiosis/infection and chronic inflammation could trigger autoimmunity by several mechanisms including bystander activation, dysregulation of toll-like receptors, amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines, epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity, autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, and activation or inhibition of receptors related to autoimmunity by microorganisms. Even though autoreactivity in periodontitis is biologically plausible, the associated mechanisms could be related to non-pathologic responses which could even explain non-recognized physiological functions. In this review we shall discuss from a descriptive point of view, the autoimmune mechanisms related to periodontitis physio-pathogenesis and the participation of oral dysbiosis on local periodontal autoimmune responses as well as on different systemic inflammatory diseases.

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“…Potential mechanisms into periodontitis start from dysregulation of the immune system; then there is a change in phagocyte activation after which inflammatory cytokines are induced, especially immunoglobulin gamma cytomegalovirus (IgG CMV), which contributes to tissue destruction in both SLE and periodontitis conditions. 14 15 Immunological changes occurring through increasing T cells, both CD4 and CD8, stimulate cytokines and create multiple organ destruction. Effector cells of the complement system also lead to tissue injury, which is a potential pathway for periodontitis in SLE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Lymphocytes CD4/CD8 Ratio and Immunoglobulin G Cytomegalovirus as Potential Markers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Periodontal Disease

et al. 2020

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Objectives The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation between periodontitis severity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with CD4/CD8 lymphocytes ratio and cytomegalovirus gamma immunoglobulin (IgG CMV) level. Materials and Methods This is a descriptive study using a cross-sectional approach that included 93 subjects who were diagnosed with SLE in Rheumatology Department, Saiful Anwar Hospital, during 2017 to 2019. Periodontitis severity was assessed by periodontal Index (PI). CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio was determined using flow cytometry and IgG CMV levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical Analysis The differences among the three groups were analyzed using analysis of variance. Correlation among the groups was calculated using Spearman/Pearson correlation coefficient test, while regression analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results The mean of periodontitis severity and standard deviation in SLE was 2.66 ± 1.02. There were negative correlation between CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio with periodontal index (r = –0.971) and positive correlation between IgG CMV level with periodontal index (r = 0.977). Conclusions Inverted CD4/CD8 ratio and IgG CMV were found associated with periodontitis severity in SLE patient. Further research was recomended that CD4/CD8 lymphocytes ratio and IgG CMV can be used as a potensial marker of periodontitis severity in SLE patients

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Autoimmunity—Basics and link with periodontal disease

Cited by 33 publications

References 45 publications

The burden of Diabetes, Its Oral Complications and Their Prevention and Management

The burden of Diabetes, Its Oral Complications and Their Prevention and Management

Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review

Role of Lymphocytes CD4/CD8 Ratio and Immunoglobulin G Cytomegalovirus as Potential Markers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Periodontal Disease

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