Autoimmunity, Autoantibodies, and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Edmiston, Elizabeth; Ashwood, Paul; Water, Judith A Van de

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.031

Cited by 119 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…As a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities, presenting in the early childhood and ranging widely in severity [American Psychiatric Association, ]. Although the pathogenesis of ASD is generally considered to arise from the interactions of genetic and environmental factors [Newschaffer et al, ], a specific mechanism is unknown [Edmiston, Ashwood, & Van de Water, ; Huguet, Ey, & Bourgeron, ]. While ASD has been considered a severe and chronic disability for decades, dozens of studies have demonstrated that early intervention can improve both short‐ and long‐term outcomes of children with ASD [Dawson et al, ; Dawson et al, ; Leaf et al, ; McEachin, Smith, & Lovaas, ; Rogers et al, ; Taubman et al, ; Wetherby et al, ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Parent‐Implemented Early Start Denver Model Intervention on Chinese Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Non‐Randomized Controlled Trial

Zhou

et al. 2018

Autism Research

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The development of early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in China has highlighted the importance of early intervention for young children with ASD. Our current study demonstrated that parent-implemented Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) via coaching from professionals improved developmental outcomes, especially in the language domain, and social communicational behaviors of Chinese toddlers with ASD. P-ESDM may help parents in China provide effective early intervention to their children with ASD via improving their skills when they are still at a waiting list for services or lack access to intervention, and has the potential to alleviate their parenting stress.

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Parent‐Implemented Early Start Denver Model Intervention on Chinese Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Non‐Randomized Controlled Trial

Zhou

et al. 2018

Autism Research

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“…3 Among the various early environmental surroundings, maternal immune dysregulation is known to be a risk factor for ASD. 4,5 Maternal infection during mid-pregnancy is known to increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD and schizophrenia, in humans. [6][7][8][9] However, there is still debate whether maternal infection leads to ASD in offspring.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms underlying the models of neurodevelopmental disorders in maternal immune activation relevant to the placenta

Tsukada

Shimada

Sakata‐Haga

et al. 2019

Congenital Anomalies

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The rapid rise in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other psychiatric disorders displaying similar traits has increased the need to elucidate their molecular mechanisms.Epidemiological studies have shown that maternal infection during mid-pregnancy is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD in offspring. Using maternal infection models, researchers have gathered evidence relevant to such disorders. A comprehensive summary of the changes in the brain structure, function, and behavior in offspring induced by maternal immune activation (MIA) has been reported. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between MIA and improper brain development, which ultimately lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, have not been fully reviewed. This paper summarizes the currently known molecular mechanisms associated with the MIA model, with a special focus on the role of the placenta in fetal brain development.K E Y W O R D S fetal brain development, interleukin-6 (IL-6) family signaling pathway, maternal immune activation (MIA), neurodevelopmental disorders, placenta

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“…The review by Edmiston et al (19) summarizes evidence linking a family history of autoimmune disease with increased risk of having children with ASD. This association may reflect a role for genes in ASD that cause autoimmune disorders, such as genes within the major histocompatibility complex, or the effect of abnormal maternal immunity on offspring (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The Edmiston et al review focuses on the potentially transformative discovery of autoantibodies that recognize proteins in the fetal brain generated by mothers of children with ASD compared to controls. The identity of the targets of these autoantibodies, and recent studies in animal models focused on determining their role in causing impaired brain development that might lead to ASD-related neuropathologies and behaviors in offspring, are detailed in this review (19). Together this research has led to the classification of a subtype of ASD called maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD, which will allow more precise diagnosis of this ASD subtype in the future and eventually new treatments for this specific form of ASD.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The review by Eagleson et al (27) details the exciting evidence that MET regulates homeostasis in the immune and GI systems and neural development and synapse maturation in the brain. The presence of the MET ‘C’ allele appears to increase susceptibility for the production of maternal autoantibodies to the fetal brain in MAR ASD (19). Importantly, this allele is also present in a subset of children with ASD and regulate specific circuits that mediate social behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Immune Contributions to Cause and Effect in Autism Spectrum Disorder

McAllister

2017

Biological Psychiatry

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that appears during the first 3 years of life and presents with a variable set of symptoms that include impairments in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. ASD is the most rapidly increasing neurodevelopmental disorder and current estimates are alarming, indicating 1 in 68 children and 1 in 42 boys in the United States are on the spectrum (1). Despite this growing public health emergency, few effective treatments exist for ASD and more research is needed to identify new therapies and alleviate the enormous personal, social and economic costs of ASD to our society.Few therapies for ASD are currently available in large part because the field is still struggling to understand ASD and determine its underlying causes. The high rates of heritability of ASD strongly suggest a genetic component and recent research has identified a large number of genes associated with this disorder (2). In addition to genetic associations, there is a long list of diverse environmental factors that contribute to ASD (3) and it is currently thought that ASD is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors that either alone or together exceed a threshold for disease manifestation.One of the most exciting recent hypotheses in the field is that immune dysregulation contributes to, and may cause, ASD. Indeed, many of the genetic associations and most of the environmental factors linked to ASD converge on immune dysregulation through alterations in immune-related genes and/or immune responses to environmental stimuli (4). ASD is linked to aberrations on chromosome 6, which is densely packed with genes for immune molecules, (5) and specific haplotypes of immune genes-especially MHC and cytokines-correlate with ASD (4, 6). Moreover, the expression of many immune-related genes in the brain is altered in individuals with ASD (7). These genetic associations, either alone or in combination with environmental exposures, may contribute to ongoing immune dysregulation in ASD, which manifests as altered cytokine levels in the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (8-14) and abnormalities in peripheral immune cells and their responsiveness that correlate with behavioral symptoms in ASD (4, 15, 16). The archival report by Careaga et al. in this special issue (17) provides further evidence for the association between immune cell responsiveness and ASD and suggests that ASD subtypes can be defined by distinct profiles of immune dysregulation. Children whose blood cells

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Autoimmunity, Autoantibodies, and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 119 publications

References 98 publications

Effects of Parent‐Implemented Early Start Denver Model Intervention on Chinese Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Non‐Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Parent‐Implemented Early Start Denver Model Intervention on Chinese Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Non‐Randomized Controlled Trial

Molecular mechanisms underlying the models of neurodevelopmental disorders in maternal immune activation relevant to the placenta

Immune Contributions to Cause and Effect in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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