Autoimmune Hepatitis and Fibrosis

Pellicano, Rinaldo; Ferro, Arianna; Cicerchia, Francesca; Mattivi, Simone; Fagoonee, Sharmila; Durazzo, Marilena

doi:10.3390/jcm12051979

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…The differential diagnosis for MASH is broad and encompasses any condition where hepatic steatosis and fibrosis can occur, including alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis [ 11 ], hemochromatosis [ 12 ], Wilson's disease [ 13 ], and medication or toxin-induced liver injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Liver

Natarajan,

Daniel,

Mangal

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Liver

Natarajan,

Daniel,

Mangal

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a relatively rare chronic immune–inflammatory liver disease [ 111 ]. AIH has a universal distribution, but its prevalence varies according to sex, age, and ethnicity [ 112 ].…”

Section: Ev-enclosed Non-coding Rnas As Biomarkers For Detection and ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Vehicles for Non-Coding RNAs: Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Liver Diseases

Ferro,

Saccu,

Mattivi

et al. 2024

Biomolecules

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In recent years, EVs have emerged as promising vehicles for coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which have demonstrated remarkable potential as biomarkers for various diseases, including chronic liver diseases (CLDs). EVs are small, membrane-bound particles released by cells, carrying an arsenal of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and other ncRNA species, such as piRNAs, circRNAs, and tsRNAs. These ncRNAs act as key regulators of gene expression, splicing, and translation, providing a comprehensive molecular snapshot of the cells of origin. The non-invasive nature of EV sampling, typically via blood or serum collection, makes them highly attractive candidates for clinical biomarker applications. Moreover, EV-encapsulated ncRNAs offer unique advantages over traditional cell-free ncRNAs due to their enhanced stability within the EVs, hence allowing for their detection in circulation for extended periods and enabling more sensitive and reliable biomarker measurements. Numerous studies have investigated the potential of EV-enclosed ncRNAs as biomarkers for CLD. MiRNAs, in particular, have gained significant attention due to their ability to rapidly respond to changes in cellular stress and inflammation, hallmarks of CLD pathogenesis. Elevated levels of specific miRNAs have been consistently associated with various CLD subtypes, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and chronic hepatitis B and C. LncRNAs have also emerged as promising biomarkers for CLD. These transcripts are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including liver regeneration, fibrosis, and cancer progression. Studies have shown that lncRNA expression profiles can distinguish between different CLD subtypes, providing valuable insights into disease progression and therapeutic response. Promising EV-enclosed ncRNA biomarkers for CLD included miR-122 (elevated levels of miR-122 are associated with MASLD progression and liver fibrosis), miR-21 (increased expression of miR-21 is linked to liver inflammation and fibrosis in CLD patients), miR-192 (elevated levels of miR-192 are associated with more advanced stages of CLD, including cirrhosis and HCC), LncRNA HOTAIR (increased HOTAIR expression is associated with MASLD progression and MASH development), and LncRNA H19 (dysregulation of H19 expression is linked to liver fibrosis and HCC progression). In the present review, we focus on the EV-enclosed ncRNAs as promising tools for the diagnosis and monitoring of CLD of various etiologies.

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“…AIH can be categorized into three subtypes based on autoantibody patterns [ 6 ]. The most prevalent is AIH type 1 (AIH-1), linked to the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), smooth muscle autoantibodies (SMAs), and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCAs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Understanding and Managing Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Narrative Review

Yadav,

Irfan,

Safdar

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hepatocytes, leading to inflammation and fibrosis. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AIH. This comprehensive narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of these advances. The review begins by outlining the historical background of AIH, dating back to its initial recognition in the 1940s, and highlights the evolution of diagnostic criteria and classification based on autoantibody profiles. The epidemiology of AIH is explored, discussing its varying prevalence across different regions and the role of genetic predisposition, viral infections, and drug exposure as risk factors. Furthermore, the review delves into the pathogenesis of AIH, focusing on the dysregulated immune response, involvement of T cells, and potential contribution of the gut microbiome. Clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and liver biopsy as crucial tools for diagnosis are also discussed. Regarding management, the review provides an in-depth analysis of the standard first-line treatments involving glucocorticoids and azathioprine, as well as alternative therapies for non-responsive cases. Additionally, emerging second and third-line treatment options are examined. In conclusion, this narrative review highlights the complexity of AIH and underscores the importance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes. Further research and clinical trials are needed to optimize AIH management and ensure a better long-term prognosis for affected individuals.

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Autoimmune Hepatitis and Fibrosis

Cited by 12 publications

References 122 publications

Geographic Liver

Geographic Liver

Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Vehicles for Non-Coding RNAs: Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Liver Diseases

Advances in Understanding and Managing Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Narrative Review

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