Autoimmune encephalitis: Recent updates and emerging challenges

Ramanathan, Sudarshini; Mohammad, Shekeeb S.; Brilot, Fabienne; Dale, Russell C.

doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.07.017

Cited by 128 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] The term "autoimmune encephalitis" generally refers to a family of closely related disease processes that share overlapping clinical features and neuroimaging findings but are ultimately differentiated by the specific antibody subtypes driving the underlying immune-mediated attack on different CNS structures. [6][7][8] This antibody-mediated attack on neuronal structures results in a localized inflammatory response. Thus, the clinical and imaging manifestations are dictated by the specific location of the underlying immune response within the nervous system, which leads to substantial variability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmune Encephalitis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Review of an Overlooked Diagnosis

Kelley¹,

Patel²,

Marin³

et al. 2017

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

224

168

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SUMMARY: Autoimmune encephalitis is a relatively new category of immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system that demonstrates a widely variable spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from the relatively mild or insidious onset of cognitive impairment to more complex forms of encephalopathy with refractory seizure. Due to its diverse clinical features, which can mimic a variety of other pathologic processes, autoimmune encephalitis presents a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. Imaging findings in patients with these disorders can also be quite variable, but recognizing characteristic findings within limbic structures suggestive of autoimmune encephalitis can be a key step in alerting clinicians to the potential diagnosis and ensuring a prompt and appropriate clinical work-up. In this article, we review antibody-mediated encephalitis and its various subtypes with a specific emphasis on the role of neuroimaging in the diagnostic work-up. ABBREVIATIONS:

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmune Encephalitis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Review of an Overlooked Diagnosis

Kelley¹,

Patel²,

Marin³

et al. 2017

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

224

168

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“…Pierwsze wykryte przeciwciała nazwano anty-Hu (związane z rakiem drobnokomórkowym płuc; SCLC -small cell lung cancer). Kolejnymi odkrytymi przeciwciałami były anty-Ma2 (związane z guzami jąder), anty-Yo (związane z nowotworami jajnika, piersi, macicy), anty-Ri (związane z rakiem sutka i SCLC) [15][16][17][18]. Mechanizm patogenetyczny powstawania przeciwciał onkoneuronalnych nie został dokładnie poznany.…”

Section: Dunclassified

“…These antibodies were called 'onconeural antibodies' [5]. The first detected antibodies were called anti-Hu (associated with small cell lung cancer (SCLC)), followed by anti-Ma2 (associated with testicular carcinoma), anti-Yo (associated with ovarian, breast, and uterus cancers), anti-Ri (associated with breast cancer and SCLC) [15][16][17][18]. The pathogenetic mechanism that leads to onconeuronal antibody formation has not been thoroughly investigated.…”

Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-paraneoplastic variant of limbic encephalitis – case report

Głuszak¹,

Pazderska-Głuszak²,

Gut-Lepiech³

et al. 2017

ppn

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Purpose: Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare but necessary condition to consider when experiencing cognitive disorders, seizures, and psychiatric disorders. Case description: This article presents a case of a 28-year-old patient with uncontrolled disease history, with systemic symptoms of viral infection and prolonged convulsive seizure status. Based on clinical symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid test results revealed LE. After treatment and rehabilitation, the patient returned to work. Comment: Limbic encephalitis was first described in 1960. In terms of aetiology, we divide LE into non-infectious (a para nitrogen syndrome primarily associated with small cell lung cancer) and infectious cases (caused by herpes simplex virus). Other cases of autoimmune diseases have also been reported -non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (NPLE), in which the presence of antibodies against the antigen of the neuronal membrane is observed. Non-paraneoplastic LE variants are examples of potentially reversible LE variants. Key words: limbic encephalitis, paraneoplastic syndrome, onconeuronal antibodies. StreszczenieCel: Limbiczne zapalenie mózgu (LE) jest chorobą rzadką, którą należy jednak uwzględnić w przypadku wystąpienia u pacjenta zaburzeń poznawczych, napadów padaczkowych i zaburzeń psychicznych. Opis przypadku: W pracy przedstawiono przypadek 28-letniej pacjentki z nieobciążonym wywiadem chorobowym, u której wystąpiły objawy ogólnoustrojowe infekcji wirusowej oraz przedłużający się drgawkowy stan padaczkowy. Na podstawie objawów klinicznych, obrazu rezonansu magnetycznego mózgu i wyników badań płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego rozpoznano LE. Po leczeniu i rehabilitacji pacjentka wróciła do poprzednio wykonywanej pracy. Komentarz: Limbiczne zapalenie mózgu zostało opisane po raz pierwszy w 1960 r. Pod względem etiologicznym wyróżniamy przypadki nieinfekcyjne LE (o charakterze zespołu paranowotworowego związanego głównie z rakiem drobnokomórkowym płuc) oraz przypadki infekcyjne LE (spowodowane przez wirusa opryszczki pospolitej). Opisano również przypadki związane z chorobami

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“…In contrast to the marginal evidence for autoimmunity in MS, an increasing number of CNS diseases are discovered where autoimmune pathogenesis is more evident [30][31][32]. Basically, two types of autoantibodies are involved, those against cell surface antigens [33] and those against intracellular antigens.…”

Section: Diseases Of the Cns With Evidence For Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: How Much Space is Left for Autoimmunity?

Fierz¹

2017

J Mult Scler

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is generally considered an autoimmune disease, mainly because the preferred and wellstudied animal models for the disease are autoimmune models. In human disease, however, evidence for autoimmunity in MS has been sought for a long time with marginal results. On the other hand, two viruses, EBV and HHV-6A, play an etio-pathogenic role and, as recently discussed, their mutual interaction might be a key element in the pathogenesis of MS. This short review summarizes evidence that supports this view of changing the paradigm about the etio-pathogenesis of MS from autoimmunity to viral.

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Autoimmune encephalitis: Recent updates and emerging challenges

Cited by 128 publications

References 96 publications

Autoimmune Encephalitis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Review of an Overlooked Diagnosis

Autoimmune Encephalitis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Review of an Overlooked Diagnosis

Non-paraneoplastic variant of limbic encephalitis – case report

Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: How Much Space is Left for Autoimmunity?

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