Autoimmune comorbidities in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: different patterns of association in adulthood and childhood/adolescence

Abstract

Age at HT presentation may influence autoimmune diseases clustering, favoring the association of specific NTADs in different ages of life. Moreover, the association between HT and NTADs increases with age and occurs most frequently in adults.

Comorbidity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and autoimmune thyroid diseases: A systematic review

“…In several population‐based studies, the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in children was 0.35%‐1.6% . This low prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in children compared to adults can be explained by data that the likelihood of having an autoimmune disease including AITD increases with age . Thyroid pathology, including AITD, does not appear to be an important associated and/or etiological factor of CSU in children .…”

“…Thyroid pathology, including AITD, does not appear to be an important associated and/or etiological factor of CSU in children . In this perspective, several environmental triggers and age‐related mechanisms, such as prolonged inflammation and/or increased oxidative stress, may accumulate over the years, favoring the development of other autoimmune disorders in CSU and AITD There is a strong link between CSU and elevated levels of IgG antithyroid AAbs (strong evidence). Levels of IgG‐anti‐TPO are more often elevated in CSU than those of other thyroid AAbs (strong evidence). Levels of IgG antithyroid AAbs are more often elevated in adult patients with CSU than in children (strong evidence). …”

“…Both conditions are characterized by infiltration of the thyroid by T and B cells reactive to thyroid antigens and formation of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), and/or thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (anti‐TSHr) . Recently, some studies have reported on the prevalence of urticaria including CSU in AITD patients …”

Overweight and obesity may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria

“…Moreover, according to Stauber et al ., diabetes and obesity are risk factors for recurrent angioneurotic oedema with a severe course. Older age is associated with a higher risk of autoimmune disturbances, and CSU frequently coexists with autoimmunity, particularly with autoimmune thyroid disorders . Additionally in older people, there is a change in the balance between the amount of muscular and fatty tissue.…”

“…Older age is associated with a higher risk of autoimmune disturbances, and CSU frequently coexists with autoimmunity, particularly with autoimmune thyroid disorders. 24,25 Additionally in older people, there is a change in the balance between the amount of muscular and fatty tissue.…”