Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Cervical Dystonia

Abstract

There are many causes for cervical dystonia (CD), although most cases are idiopathic and a cause cannot be identified. The observation that 10-15% of cases have an affected family member has pointed to genetic causes, but known genes account for only a small fraction of all cases. The current manuscript describes a series of studies focusing on potential autoimmune or inflammatory mechanisms in CD. First, a case-control survey for 32 autoimmune diseases in 271 subjects with CD confirmed prior anecdotal observations that CD is associated with thyroid disease, which often results from autoimmune mechanisms. Second, unbiased proteomic methods involving a total of 20 subjects with CD, with or without associated thyroid disease, pointed towards a series of overlapping mechanisms relating to the immune system. Third, a multiplex immunoassay focusing on 37 markers associated with neuroinflammation applied to a total of 20 subjects with CD with or without thyroid disease and 20 controls pointed to abnormalities in several specific measures of the immune system. Finally, a broad screening test for neuronal antibodies in a total of 58 subjects with CD did not disclose any specific antibodies. Altogether, the association of CD with thyroid disease and blood-based immune measures point to abnormalities in cell-mediated immunity that may play a pathogenic role for a subgroup of subjects with CD.

Prevalence and temporal relationship of clinical co-morbidities in idiopathic dystonia: a UK linkage-based study

“…While a more recent population-based study of cervical dystonia found higher rates of cervical spondylosis, soft-tissue disorders, back pain, essential tremor, neck tension, dental caries, and abdominal and pelvic pain, compared to a control cohort [ 12 ]. Autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease [ 13 ], myasthenia gravis [ 14 ], and Sjogren’s syndrome [ 15 ], have also been reported at higher rates, with preliminary mixed immunoassays potentially indicating common autoimmune mechanisms in dystonia [ 16 ]. Respiratory symptoms have been attributed to dystonic spasms affecting the respiratory muscles, with evidence of upper airway or diaphragmatic dysfunction [ 17 , 18 ].…”