Autofocus changes the paradigm for camera technology

Glavin, Lisanne; MacKinnon, Joel; Varghese, Shilpa

doi:10.1117/12.2248952

Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XXV 2017

DOI: 10.1117/12.2248952

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Autofocus changes the paradigm for camera technology

Lisanne Glavin¹,

Joel MacKinnon²,

Shilpa Varghese³

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…• Autofocus: Cameras with a variable FOV have an electrically adaptable liquid crystal lens (TLCL); this technology changes the electrical voltage to focus an image [26][27][28]. Furthermore, to obtain the correct focus value, there are many algorithms [29], with the most widely used in cell phones and industrial applications being phase detection autofocus systems (PDAF) and contrast detection autofocus systems (CDAF) [30,31].…”

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Robust Fastener Detection Based on Force and Vision Algorithms in Robotic (Un)Screwing Applications

Peralta

Ferré

Sánchez-Urán

2023

Sensors

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This article addresses how to tackle one of the most demanding tasks in manufacturing and industrial maintenance sectors: using robots with a novel and robust solution to detect the fastener and its rotation in (un)screwing tasks over parallel surfaces with respect to the tool. To this end, the vision system is based on an industrial camera with a dynamic exposure time, a tunable liquid crystal lens (TLCL), and active near-infrared reflectance (NIR) illumination. Its camera parameters, combined with a fixed value of working distance (WD) and variable or constant field of view (FOV), make it possible to work with a variety of fastener sizes under several lighting conditions. This development also uses a collaborative robot with an embedded force sensor to verify the success of the fastener localization in a real test. Robust algorithms based on segmentation neural networks (SNN) and vision were developed to find the center and rotation of the hexagon fastener in a flawless condition and worn, scratched, and rusty conditions. SNNs were tested using a graphics processing unit (GPU), central processing unit (CPU), and edge devices, such as Jetson Javier Nx (JJNX), Intel Neural Compute Stick 2 (INCS2), and M.2 Accelerator with Dual Edge TPU (DETPU), with optimization parameters, such as the unsigned integer (UINT) and float (FP), to understand their performance. A virtual program logic controller (PLC) was mounted on a personal computer (PC) as the main control to process the images and save the data. Moreover, a mathematical analysis based on the international standard organization (ISO) and patents of the manual socket wrench was performed to determine the maximum error allowed. In addition, the work was substantiated using exhaustive evaluation tests, validating the tolerance errors, robotic forces for successfully completed tasks, and algorithms implemented. As a result of this work, the translation tolerances increase with higher sizes of fasteners from 0.75 for M6 to 2.50 for M24; however, the rotation decreases with the size from 5.5° for M6 to 3.5° for M24. The proposed methodology is a robust solution to tackle outliers contours and fake vertices produced by distorted masks present in non-constant illumination; it can reach an average accuracy to detect the vertices of 99.86% and the center of 100%, also, the time consumed by the SNN and the proposed algorithms is 73.91 ms on an Intel Core I9 CPU. This work is an interesting contribution to industrial robotics and improves current applications.

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Robust Fastener Detection Based on Force and Vision Algorithms in Robotic (Un)Screwing Applications

Peralta

Ferré

Sánchez-Urán

2023

Sensors

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Multi-focusing algorithm for microscopy imagery in assembly line using low-cost camera

Juočas

Raudonis

Maskeliūnas

et al. 2019

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Autofocus changes the paradigm for camera technology

Cited by 2 publications

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Robust Fastener Detection Based on Force and Vision Algorithms in Robotic (Un)Screwing Applications

Robust Fastener Detection Based on Force and Vision Algorithms in Robotic (Un)Screwing Applications

Multi-focusing algorithm for microscopy imagery in assembly line using low-cost camera

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