Autodissemination ofMetarhizium anisopliaeandBeauveria bassianainMusca domesticaL. Results in Less Oviposition and Short Gonotrophic Cycle

Horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitacea) and the effects of infection on oviposition rate in laboratory populations of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…Similar observations have been made in previous studies using different inoculation methods 25,32 . Metarhizium anisopliae causes muscle paralysis (tetany) followed by muscle weakness in infected insects prior to death 42 , which may explain the effect of mycotic infection on oviposition rate of the females.…”

“…Similar observations have been made in previous studies using different inoculation methods. 25,32 Metarhizium anisopliae causes muscle paralysis (tetany) followed by muscle weakness in infected insects prior to death, 42 which may explain the effect of mycotic infection on the oviposition rate of the females. This pre-lethal effect further supports the use of myco-insecticide formulations for both direct application and autodissemination strategies as it demonstrates additional, population-reducing effects aside from direct mortality.…”

“…Reducing the non-target mortality would also facilitate the use of the fungus with other biocontrol agents and natural enemies. Transmission of M. anisopliae among host insects [18][19][20][21][22][23] , including M. domestica 24,25 , has previously been demonstrated but rates of transmission and the effects of infection can vary between strains 10,14,26 .…”

Development of a Mycoinsecticide Bait Formulation for the Control of House Flies, Musca domestica L.

“…The long incubation period required to achieve mortality with entomopathogenic fungi potentially allows infected flies to continue to reproduce before death. Previous studies have demonstrated, however, that M. anisopliae infection in house flies can significantly reduce female fecundity and that M. anisopliae is readily transmissible between conspecifics [43][44][45]. Thus, the use of mycoinsecticides can have additional population reducing effects aside from direct mortality.…”

Fungi as Biocontrol Agents of Culicoides Biting Midges, the Putative Vectors of Bluetongue Disease

“…The well-known bacterial bioinsecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, are widely used to control many insect species ( Jurat-Fuentes andJackson 2012, Silva-Filha et al 2014). Several strains of the entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been used for the biological control (e.g., ''Green Muscle'' programme in Africa, Met52 G bioinsecticide) of crop pests (Ansari et al 2007, Skinner et al 2014, insect species transmitting diseases to livestock (Mochi et al 2010, Lpez-Snchez et al 2012, Mishra et al 2013, García-Munguía et al 2015, Cruz-Vázquez et al 2017, Holderman et al 2017, and with Ceratopogonidae such as biting midge, Culicoides spp. (Ansari et al 2010, de Souza et al 2014, Nicholas and McCorkell 2014, Narladkar et al 2015).…”