Autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece, 2011

Danis, Kostas; Baka, A; Lenglet, Annick; Bortel, Wim Van; Terzaki, I; Tseroni, Maria; Detsis, Marios; Papanikolaou, Eleni; Balaska, Asimina; Gewehr, Sandra; Δουγάς, Γεώργιος; Sideroglou, Theologia; Economopoulou, A.; Vakalis, Nicholas; Tsiodras, Sotirios; Bonovas, Stefanos; Kremastinou, Jenny

doi:10.2807/ese.16.42.19993-en

Cited by 97 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…9,17,18 The first report was a Romanian worker in the area of Skala who returned to his home country after the febrile illness, 17 and in the following months further cases and a much bigger cluster occurred. 9,18 As a result the WHO was notified again and an enhanced surveillance system was implemented, 9 since Greece is on the southern border of Europe and has been handling an increasing number of immigrants coming to the country each year -refugees from Asian countries that are malaria-endemic (Afghanistan and Pakistan) according to the WHO. [19][20][21] In conclusion, we present the first local cluster of autochthonous cases of malaria due to P. vivax in the area of Laconia over the last four decades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No other case was reported in 2010, but in 2011 a new cluster of malaria cases occurred and another intervention program was implemented. 9…”

Section: Clinical and Epidemiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR testing of the mosquito population disclosed no infestation of any of the adult mosquitoes or larvae. An enhanced entomological surveillance system remained operational in the area for the next 2 years with no infected mosquitoes until September 2011, 9 when a new cluster of cases occurred.…”

Section: Entomological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia, Greece—a re-emerging infection in the southern borders of Europe?

Andriopoulos

Economopoulou

Spanakos

et al. 2013

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No other case was reported in 2010, but in 2011 a new cluster of malaria cases occurred and another intervention program was implemented. 9…”

Section: Clinical and Epidemiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia, Greece—a re-emerging infection in the southern borders of Europe?

Andriopoulos

Economopoulou

Spanakos

et al. 2013

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…This theory would predict, for example, that there are places in malaria elimination countries where malaria would be highly explosive if it were introduced today. Indeed, there have been a few highly explosive epidemics in malaria-free countries, the most recent occurring in Greece [108]. The aggregated data describing importations, however, demonstrate that these large outbreaks are the exception to the rule.…”

Section: Is Elimination Stable Because Importation Is Not Effective At Rekindling Transmission?mentioning

confidence: 98%

A sticky situation: the unexpected stability of malaria elimination

Smith

Cohen

Chiyaka

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Malaria eradication involves eliminating malaria from every country where transmission occurs. Current theory suggests that the post-elimination challenges of remaining malaria-free by stopping transmission from imported malaria will have onerous operational and financial requirements. Although resurgent malaria has occurred in a majority of countries that tried but failed to eliminate malaria, a review of resurgence in countries that successfully eliminated finds only four such failures out of 50 successful programmes. Data documenting malaria importation and onwards transmission in these countries suggests malaria transmission potential has declined by more than 50-fold (i.e. more than 98%) since before elimination. These outcomes suggest that elimination is a surprisingly stable state. Elimination's ‘stickiness’ must be explained either by eliminating countries starting off qualitatively different from non-eliminating countries or becoming different once elimination was achieved. Countries that successfully eliminated were wealthier and had lower baseline endemicity than those that were unsuccessful, but our analysis shows that those same variables were at best incomplete predictors of the patterns of resurgence. Stability is reinforced by the loss of immunity to disease and by the health system's increasing capacity to control malaria transmission after elimination through routine treatment of cases with antimalarial drugs supplemented by malaria outbreak control. Human travel patterns reinforce these patterns; as malaria recedes, fewer people carry malaria from remote endemic areas to remote areas where transmission potential remains high. Establishment of an international resource with backup capacity to control large outbreaks can make elimination stickier, increase the incentives for countries to eliminate, and ensure steady progress towards global eradication. Although available evidence supports malaria elimination's stickiness at moderate-to-low transmission in areas with well-developed health systems, it is not yet clear if such patterns will hold in all areas. The sticky endpoint changes the projected costs of maintaining elimination and makes it substantially more attractive for countries acting alone, and it makes spatially progressive elimination a sensible strategy for a malaria eradication endgame.

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“…As a result, a seroepidemiological study conducted in 1997-1999 at the same place showed that 0,8% of the individuals tested were seropositive Kampen, et al [2]. It was in 2009 that autochthonous cases commenced re-emerging in Greece, leading to the formation of specific malarious hot spots (such as Evrotas region) in the country Danis et al [3].…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological Study of Malaria in A Former High Endemic Region of Greece

Theocharidou¹

2020

BJSTR

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After malaria elimination in Greece, in 1974, a few sporadic indigenous malaria cases have been reported, up until 2009 that the country experienced the threat of disease re-emergence due to sociological and environmental factors. Northern Greece, a highly malarious place in the past, reported autochthonous cases attributed to P. vivax, a parasite that can cause asymptomatic infections. In the present study 347 residents of Drama province (median age: 53 years, age range: 11-94 years, 62% women), Northern Greece, were screened, by serology, smear microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), to evaluate and detect asymptomatic malaria cases. No seropositive individuals were identified by ELISA and blood smear microscopy was negative for all participants. ELISA borderline results were furtherly tested with RDT (sensitivity for P. vivax infection: 97.4%, specificity for P. vivax infection: 99.4%) and proved to be negative for active plasmodium parasitaemia. It is concluded that currently, Drama population remains malaria naive and as a result unable to serve as a reservoir and infect mosquitoes, contributing to the malaria transmission cycle.

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Autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece, 2011

Cited by 97 publications

References 6 publications

A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia, Greece—a re-emerging infection in the southern borders of Europe?

A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia, Greece—a re-emerging infection in the southern borders of Europe?

A sticky situation: the unexpected stability of malaria elimination

Seroepidemiological Study of Malaria in A Former High Endemic Region of Greece

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