Autochthonous <i>Leishmania infantum</i> in Dogs, Zambia, 2021

Squarre, David; Chambaro, Herman M.; Hayashida, Kentaro; Moonga, Lavel Chinyama; Qiu, Yongjin; Goto, Yasuyuki; Oparaocha, Elizabeth; Mumba, Chisoni; Muleya, Walter; Bwalya, Patricia; Chizimu, Joseph Yamweka; Chembensofu, Mwelwa; Simulundu, Edgar; Mwasinga, Wizaso; Banda, Nelly; Mwenda, Racheal; Yamagishi, Junya; Nalubamba, King S.; Banda, Fredrick; Munyeme, Musso; Sawa, Hirofumi; Fandamu, Paul

doi:10.3201/eid2804.212378

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, a study by Hassan et al [ 38 ], conducted in in 2002 in 10 villages along the Rahad River, located in eastern Sudan, showed that 6.9% of the dogs were serologically positive for L. donovani. In the western part of the continent, cases of dogs infected with Leishmania , mostly by L. infantum , have been reported in Burkina Faso [ 39 ], Côte d’Ivoire [ 40 ], Nigeria [ 41 ], and Zambia in southern Africa [ 42 ] ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Distribution Of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis In the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Vilas-Boas,

Nakasone,

Gonçalves

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous insects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main urban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sandfly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are considered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs, with their errant behavior, and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materials, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries, with the number of infected dogs reaching millions. However, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL, there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as reasons for the expansion into areas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas, (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and the spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.

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Section: Distribution Of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis In the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Vilas-Boas,

Nakasone,

Gonçalves

et al. 2024

Pathogens

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast, a study by Hassan et al [38] in 10 villages along the Rahad River in 2002 showed that 6.9% of the dogs were serologically positive for L. donovani. In the western part of the continent, cases of dogs infected with Leishmania have been reported, mostly by L. infantum, in Burkina Faso [39], Côte d'Ivoire [40], Nigeria [41], Senegal [42], and Zambia, in southern Africa [43] (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Vilas-Boas,

Nakasone,

Gonçalves

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn=Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous in-sects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main ur-ban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sand-fly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are consid-ered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs with their errant behavior and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materi-als, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries with the number of infected dogs reaching millions and, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as one of the reasons for expansion to ar-eas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.

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Comparative study of parasite load in the spleen, lymph node, and skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Ramos,

Gouveia,

Amâncio

et al. 2024

BJVP

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. The lymph nodes, spleen, and skin are essential organs in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the histomorphological alterations and parasite load in the popliteal lymph node, spleen, and skin of eleven VL-positive dogs in the fine needle aspiration (FNA), Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP® CVL rapid test) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the samples, and the results showed variable histopathological changes and parasite load. The popliteal lymph nodes and spleen exhibited granulomatous reaction, lymphoid atrophy, presence of plasma cells, and disorganization of the architecture was marked. The skin showed multifocal to diffuse inflammation in the superficial dermis, composed of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and granulomatous reaction. Immunodetection of the parasite Leishmania sp. was observed in all organs. The intensity of histological changes was not associated with the higher number of parasitized macrophages. The popliteal lymph node had the highest median parasite load (11.2) compared to the skin and spleen. Statistically, the Pearson correlation test revealed a highly significant correlation in the parasite load between the popliteal lymph node and spleen (r=0.89081, p=0.0002) and between the popliteal lymph node and skin (r=0.71185, p=0.0140). The study concludes that VL-positive dogs’ lymph nodes, spleen, and skin suffer histomorphological alterations that could be one of the aspects that favor the maintenance of the infection.

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Autochthonous Leishmania infantum in Dogs, Zambia, 2021

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Comparative study of parasite load in the spleen, lymph node, and skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

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