Autoantibody‐defined risk for Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a general population of schoolchildren: results of the Karlsburg Type 1 Diabetes Risk Study after 18 years

A, Till; Kenk, Heidrun; Rjasanowski, I; Waßmuth, Ralf; Walschus, Uwe; Kerner, W.; Schlosser, Michael

doi:10.1111/dme.12677

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…A female predominance in GADA prevalence remains controversial [ 18 , 24 ]. Many studies reported GADA was more frequent in females [ 18 , 22 , 25 , 26 ], but other studies found no sex difference [ 19 , 24 , 27 – 29 ]. The female predilection to autoimmunity has been observed in many autoimmune diseases [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoantibodies against islet cell antigens in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Cheng

Wang

et al. 2018

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We investigated the prevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody (GADA), insulinoma-associated protein 2 autoantibody (IA2A), and insulin autoantibody (IAA) in 750 children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) living in Taiwan. GADA, IA2A, and IAA were measured by radioimmunoassay. The data were assessed by χ2 test, binary logistic regression, and Spearman rank correlation. Of the 750 T1D patients, 66.3% had GADA, 65.3% IA2A, 35.7% IAA, and 17.2% no autoantibodies. The prevalence of GADA and IA2A significantly decreased along T1D duration. The positivity of either GADA or IA2A was 89.4% within the first year of disease and decreased to 36.7% after 9 years (P = 1.22 × 10–20). Female patients had significantly higher prevalence of GADA compared with male patients (72.3% vs. 59.7%, P = 0.00027). The patients diagnosed before 12 years of age had a positive rate of 92.2% for either GADA or IA2A. Patients diagnosed at age 12 or above had a significantly lower positive rate of 81.6% (P = 0.011). GADA and IA2A significantly correlated with each other (rs = 0.245, P = 1.09 × 10–11). We concluded that autoantibodies were detectable in 89.4% of T1D patients within one year after diagnosis. Their prevalence declined with disease duration. GADA was more prevalent in female patients. GADA and IA2A weakly correlated with each other.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoantibodies against islet cell antigens in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Cheng

Wang

et al. 2018

Oncotarget

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“…In our cohort of T1D patients there was no difference in number by sex, however, GADA prevalence was more [18,24]. Many studies reported GADA was more frequent in females [18,22,25,26], but other studies found no sex difference [19,24,[27][28][29]. The female predilection to autoimmunity has been observed in many autoimmune diseases [30,31].…”

Section: Differences In Gada Prevalence Between Male and Female Patientsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Untitled

2018

Oncotarget

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We investigated the prevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody (GADA), insulinoma-associated protein 2 autoantibody (IA2A), and insulin autoantibody (IAA) in 750 children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) living in Taiwan. GADA, IA2A, and IAA were measured by radioimmunoassay. The data were assessed by χ 2 test, binary logistic regression, and Spearman rank correlation. Of the 750 T1D patients, 66.3% had GADA, 65.3% IA2A, 35.7% IAA, and 17.2% no autoantibodies. The prevalence of GADA and IA2A significantly decreased along T1D duration. The positivity of either GADA or IA2A was 89.4% within the first year of disease and decreased to 36.7% after 9 years (P = 1.22 × 10-20). Female patients had significantly higher prevalence of GADA compared with male patients (72.3% vs. 59.7%, P = 0.00027). The patients diagnosed before 12 years of age had a positive rate of 92.2% for either GADA or IA2A. Patients diagnosed at age 12 or above had a significantly lower positive rate of 81.6% (P = 0.011). GADA and IA2A significantly correlated with each other (rs = 0.245, P = 1.09 × 10-11). We concluded that autoantibodies were detectable in 89.4% of T1D patients within one year after diagnosis. Their prevalence declined with disease duration. GADA was more prevalent in female patients. GADA and IA2A weakly correlated with each other.

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“…It is unknown whether IAA in type 1 DM patients are essential for disease pathogenesis or whether their appearance represents a major step in disease development, and this topic remains controversial in the extant literature ( 15 , 16 ). In addition, the presence of autoantibodies could indicate a non-specific, bystander autoimmune response ( 15 , 16 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of autoantibodies in type 1 DM has been well documented ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ). In this disease, autoantibodies develop against a variety of antigens, including insulin (IAA) and GAD (GAD autoantibodies), all of which are localized to beta cells in the pancreas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes by insulin and GAD in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus

Arneth

2017

Endocrine Connections

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BackgroundThe origin of autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is still unknown.AimThis study assessed the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes by human insulin and human glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy volunteers.Materials and methodsThe expression of CD69, a marker of T-lymphocyte activity, was determined in whole blood samples by flow cytometry after 12 h of incubation with or without insulin or GAD. The analysis included samples from 12 type 1 DM patients, 14 type 2 DM patients and 12 healthy volunteers.ResultsSignificant increases in the number of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes following pre-incubation of whole blood samples with human insulin or GAD were observed in samples from patients with type 1 DM, whereas no activation of these cells was detected in samples from either type 2 DM patients or healthy subjects.DiscussionThese results indicated that latent pre-activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in response to insulin or GAD epitopes occurred in type 1 DM patients.ConclusionThese findings suggest that pre-immunization against insulin and/or GAD might be associated with the development of type 1 DM. Alternatively, these results might reflect a non-specific, bystander autoimmune response.

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Autoantibody‐defined risk for Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a general population of schoolchildren: results of the Karlsburg Type 1 Diabetes Risk Study after 18 years

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Autoantibodies against islet cell antigens in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Autoantibodies against islet cell antigens in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

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Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes by insulin and GAD in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus

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