Auto Generative Capacitive Mixing for Power Conversion of Sea and River Water by the Use of Membranes

Burheim, Odne Stokke; Sales, Bruno Bastos; Schaetzle, Olivier; Liu, F.; Hamelers, H.V.M.

doi:10.1115/imece2011-63459

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…In the "capacitive Donnan potential" version of the CAPMIX technique [19][20][21], perm-selective membranes are added to the activated carbon electrodes. This technique should give the same voltage rise of our cell based on zinc and Ag/AgCl electrodes; however, the cell proposed in the present paper has the advantage of avoiding the use of expensive membranes, as emphasized above.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Salinity Gradient Power Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The "capacitive mixing" (CAPMIX) technique [15] makes use of activated carbon electrodes, either directly dipped into the solution [16][17][18] or covered by perm-selective membranes [19][20][21][22][23]. Battery electrodes undergoing redox reactions are used in the "mixing entropy battery" [4,24] and in the concentration cell proposed in [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

et al. 2014

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The conversion of heat into current can be obtained by a process with two stages. In the first one, the heat is used for distilling a solution and obtaining two flows with different concentrations. In the second stage, the two flows are sent to an electrochemical cell that produces current by consuming the concentration difference. In this paper, we propose such an electrochemical cell, working with water solutions of zinc chloride. The cell contains two electrodes, made respectively of zinc and silver covered by silver chloride. The operation of the cell is analogous to that of the capacitive mixing and of the "mixing entropy battery": the electrodes are charged while dipped in the concentrated solution and discharged when dipped in the diluted solution. The cyclic operation allows us to extract a surplus of energy, at the expense of the free energy of the concentration difference. We evaluate the feasibility of such a cell for practical applications and find that a power up to 2 W per m 2 of the surface of the electrodes can be achieved.

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Section: Comparison With Other Salinity Gradient Power Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

et al. 2014

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“…A new technique, called "capacitive mixing" (CAP-MIX) has been recently introduced [13,14,15,16,17]. This technique performs the mixing process of the two solutions in a controlled way, by means of the CAPMIX cycle sketched in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of the surface of activated carbon electrodes for capacitive mixing energy extraction from salinity differences

Marino

Misuri

Jiménez

et al. 2014

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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The "capacitive mixing" (CAPMIX) is one of the techniques aimed at the extraction of energy from the salinity difference between sea and rivers. It is based on the rise of the voltage between two electrodes, taking place when the salt concentration of the solution in which they are dipped is changed. We study the rise of the potential of activated carbon electrodes in NaCl solutions, as a function of their charging state. We evaluate the effect of the modification of the materials obtained by adsorption of charged molecules. We observe a displacement of the potential at which the potential rise vanishes, as predicted by the electric double layer theories. Moreover, we observe a saturation of the potential rise at high charging states, to a value that is nearly independent of the analyzed material. This saturation represents the most relevant element that determines the performances of the CAPMIX cell under study; we attribute it to a kinetic effect.

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“…Gibbs free energy for a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution is evaluated using various property models and the least work is evaluated as a function of feed salinity and recovery ratio. The NaCl solution results are also compared with the least work calculation evaluated using seawater properties because the use of aqueous NaCl solutions is common in laboratory studies of desalination systems [11][12][13][14][15][16] as well as in industry [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater

Mistry

Lienhard

2013

Journal of Energy Resources Technology

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Proper evaluation of the Gihbs free energy and other properties of seawater and other aqueous solutions is essential in the analysis of desalination systems. Standard seawater has been studied extensively and property data are readily accessible. However, many aqueous solutions requiring desalination have significantly different compositions from seawater and seawater data are generally not accurate for these solutions. Experimental data for a given aqueous solution may be unavailable under the conditions of interest. Therefore, there is a need to model relevant physical properties from chemical thermodynamic principles. In particular, for solutions that are not ideal, the activity and fugacity coefficients must be considered. In this paper, the effect of nonidealities in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions is considered through a parametric study of the least work of separation for a desalination system. This study is used to determine the conditions under which the ideal solution approximation is valid and also to determine when an NaCl solution is a good approximation to standard seawater. It is found that the ideal solution approximation is reasonable within ranges of salinities and recovery ratios typical of those found in the seawater desalination industry because many of the nonidealities cancel out, but not because the solution behaves ideally. Additionally, it is found that NaCl solutions closely approximate natural seawater only at salinities typically found in seawater and not for salinities found in typical brackish waters.

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Auto Generative Capacitive Mixing for Power Conversion of Sea and River Water by the Use of Membranes

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

Modification of the surface of activated carbon electrodes for capacitive mixing energy extraction from salinity differences

Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater

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