Autism spectrum disorder: Review of literature and dental management

Complete Dental Management of an Autism and Intellectual Disability Patient under General Anaesthesia: A Case Report

“…One third of children with autism also reported experiencing epilepsy. 2,7,14 ASD with and without intellectual disability tends to have behavioural problems such as inattention/hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, self-injury, aggression toward others, sensory problems, excessive fearfulness, and temper tantrums. Similar to children, ASD in adulthood that co-occurs with intellectual disability is likely to have higher risk of depression and anxiety than without intellectual disability.…”

“…1 Patients with ASD have difficulties in social and emotional reciprocity, ability to start and maintain relationships, use of non-verbal communication, and related to hyper and/or hypo sensorial sensitivity; with severity ranging from mild to severe. [2][3][4] The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development described ASD as a a lifelong condition that affects 1 out of every 54 children. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the prevalence of ASD internationally is 0.7%; however, this estimation only covered about 16% of the global children population.…”

“…7 Therefore, in some cases of ASD, dental management under general anaesthesia is necessary, if nonpharmacological method failed. 2 One indication for the use of general anaesthesia issued by American Academy of Paediatric Dentists (AAPD) is for patients who are unable to cooperate due to lack of psychological or emotional maturity and/or mental, physical, or medical disability. 8 We presented the case of patient with ASD and ID who underwent complete dental treatment under general anaesthesia.…”

Autism: Where the Little Things are Never Little

“…1 It comprises of 5 subtypes, which consists of Autism disorder (AD), Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) and Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). 2 The symptoms of Autism starts by 3 years of age and normally experiences a stable route without recovery as the age increases. Common features in an autistic child can be as follows: 1 Those children may display excessive anxiety while facing the dental setup, and can create problems for the operator for providing the normal pattern of dental care 3 .…”

“…The occurrence in siblings is suspected to be from 3% -7% presenting 50-100th fold increase in risk. 2,5 Autistic disorder vs autism spectrum disorder: • Autism Spectrum Disorder: Spectrum is a term that represents a class of disorders with symptoms that are seen on a continuation which can be mild to severe in expression. It can be any of the disorders included in pervasive developmental disorder that shares undistinguishable behavioral patterns that constitute social interaction, impaired communication, and limited schemes and interests.…”