Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Womb to Adulthood: Suggestions for a Paradigm Shift

Panisi, Cristina; Guerini, Franca Rosa; Abruzzo, Provvidenza Maria; Balzola, F.; Biava, Pier Mario; Bolotta, Alessandra; Brunero, Marco; Burgio, Ernesto; Chiara, A; Clerici, Mario; Croce, L; Ferreri, Carla; Giovannini, Niccolò; Ghezzo, Alessandro; Grossi, Enzo; Keller, Roberto; Manzotti, Andrea; Marini, Marina; Migliore, Lucia; Moderato, Lucio; Moscone, Davide; Mussap, Michele; Parmeggiani, Antonia; Pasin, Valentina; Perotti, Monica; Piras, Cristina; Saresella, Marina; Stoccoro, Andrea; Toso, Tiziana; Vacca, Rosa Anna; Vagni, David; Vendemmia, Salvatore; Villa, Laura; Politi, Pierluigi; Fanos, Vassilios

doi:10.3390/jpm11020070

Cited by 42 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 276 publications

(371 reference statements)

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“…The fever, one of the most common symptoms of the virus, could be associated with increased hyperactivity disorder/attention-deficit later in life [ 65 ]. An elevated level of IL-6 observed in virus infection may be responsible for autism, psychosis, and neurosensorial deficits development in the offspring [ 66 ]. Similarly, increased maternal IL-17a levels correlate with autism spectrum-like phenotype in offspring [ 66 ]; whereas, an increased level of TNFα in the maternal peripheral blood additionally may have a toxic effect on early embryo development [ 67 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 During Pregnancy—the Role Of the Placentamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity

Bukowska-Ośko

Popiel

Kowalczyk

2021

IJMS

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A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth—which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking/limiting of the transmission of the virus.

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Section: Covid-19 During Pregnancy—the Role Of the Placentamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity

Bukowska-Ośko

Popiel

Kowalczyk

2021

IJMS

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“…The wide variability of behavioral manifestations and the frequent multisystem involvement—disorders in ASD people are not limited to the nervous system—suggest that epigenetic mechanisms impact on the neurodevelopment during the ontogenesis and in the first two years of life, which is the period of maximum neuroplasticity as reviewed in ref. [ 97 ]. Furthermore, an epigenetic model also accounts for the steep worldwide increase in ASD prevalence in the last decades, within the framework of the epidemiological transition towards a greater predominance of non-communicable diseases [ 98 , 99 ].…”

Section: Intracellular Chloride Concentration and Gabaergic Signaling In Neurological Disorders And Neurodevelopmental Diseases And The Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies link OS to mitochondrial dysfunctions [ 119 ], to immune dysregulation and inflammation [ 120 ] and to gut dysbiosis, often accompanied by severe gastrointestinal problems [ 121 , 122 ], as reviewed in ref. [ 97 ]. Lower expression of BDNF was found in the neonatal blood of children, which were diagnosed with ASD later in life [ 122 , 123 ]; data from a murine model of ASD suggest that BDNF levels may be epigenetically regulated in a sexually dimorphic fashion [ 124 ].…”

Section: Intracellular Chloride Concentration and Gabaergic Signaling In Neurological Disorders And Neurodevelopmental Diseases And The Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, it should be stressed that OS often results from dysfunctional mitochondria and, in turn, impairs mitochondrial functioning, in a vicious loop reviewed in ref. [ 97 ]. As a result, cellular energy supplies are jeopardized, whilst they are required to fuel chloride efflux at the KCC2 co-transporter, which depends on the continuous supply of ATP, mediated by the membrane-embedded brain-type creatine kinase CKB.…”

Section: How Os Inflammation Toxicants and Chromatin Modifiers May Affect Intracellular Chloride Concentration And Gabaergic Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Alteration of Chloride Homeostasis/GABAergic Signaling in Brain Disorders: Could Oxidative Stress Play a Role?

Abruzzo

Panisi²,

Marini

2021

Antioxidants

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In neuronal precursors and immature neurons, the depolarizing (excitatory) effect of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling is associated with elevated [Cl−]i; as brain cells mature, a developmental switch occurs, leading to the decrease of [Cl−]i and to the hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) effect of GABAergic signaling. [Cl−]i is controlled by two chloride co-transporters: NKCC1, which causes Cl− to accumulate into the cells, and KCC2, which extrudes it. The ontogenetic upregulation of the latter determines the above-outlined switch; however, many other factors contribute to the correct [Cl−]i in mature neurons. The dysregulation of chloride homeostasis is involved in seizure generation and has been associated with schizophrenia, Down’s Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently, much effort has been put into developing new drugs intended to inhibit NKCC1 activity, while no attention has been paid to the origin of [Cl−]i dysregulation. Our study examines the pathophysiology of Cl− homeostasis and focuses on the impact of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation on the activity of Cl− co-transporters, highlighting the relevance of OS in numerous brain abnormalities and diseases. This hypothesis supports the importance of primary prevention during pregnancy. It also integrates the therapeutic framework addressed to restore normal GABAergic signaling by counteracting the alteration in chloride homeostasis in central nervous system (CNS) cells, aiming at limiting the use of drugs that potentially pose a health risk.

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“…Somatic health is a key point to move forward [15]. Several important reports have alerted about the need for the serious consideration of the CMPD of ASD [3,4,[16][17][18] with transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration in the context of the multimorbidity [19]. As reference [17] cites, ASD is defined behaviorally.…”

Section: Trans-discipline For the Analysis Of The So Called "Comorbidities"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale of an Advanced Integrative Approach Applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Discussion and Proposal

Ferreira

Loyacono

2021

JPM

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The rationale of an Advanced Integrative Model and an Advanced Integrative Approach is presented. In the context of Allopathic Medicine, this model introduces the evaluation, clinical exploration, diagnosis, and treatment of concomitant medical problems to the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. These may be outside or inside the brain. The concepts of static or chronic, dynamic encephalopathy and condition for Autism Spectrum Disorder are defined in this model, which looks at the response to the treatments of concomitant medical problemsto the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. (1) Background: Antecedents and rationale of an Advanced Integrative Model and of an Advanced Integrative Approach are presented; (2) Methods: Concomitant medical problems to the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and a discussion of the known responses of their treatments are presented; (3) Results: Groups in Autism are defined and explained, related to the responses of the treatments of the concomitant medical problems to ASD and (4) Conclusions: The analysis in the framework of an Advanced Integrative Model of three groups including the concepts of static encephalopathy; chronic, dynamic encephalopathy and condition for Autism Spectrum Disorder explains findings in the field, previously not understood.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Womb to Adulthood: Suggestions for a Paradigm Shift

Cited by 42 publications

References 276 publications

The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity

The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity

The Alteration of Chloride Homeostasis/GABAergic Signaling in Brain Disorders: Could Oxidative Stress Play a Role?

Rationale of an Advanced Integrative Approach Applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Discussion and Proposal

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