Autism spectrum disorder

Couteur, Ann Le; Szatmári, Péter

doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch51

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Regarding sex, our results mirror the typical male preponderance in ASD, with a male/female ratio of 2:1 to 3:1, as is typical for community samples (Le Couteur and Szatmari, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In terms of age, the markedly lower prevalence of ASD diagnoses in insurees aged 24 years or older is probably due to a larger portion of persons with ASD in this age band, who have not been correctly diagnosed in childhood (Lai and Baron-Cohen, 2015). This in turn is due to the fact that only in the last two decades, ASD has gained increased awareness both in the general public and in the medical sector (Le Couteur and Szatmari, 2015). Before this development, there were only a limited number of ASD clinics in Germany, which made a correct diagnosis in childhood and adolescence less likely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in Germany: Time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability

Bachmann

Gerste²,

Hoffmann

2016

Autism

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For Germany, no data on trends in autism spectrum disorder diagnoses are available. The primary aim of this study was to establish the time trends in the administrative prevalence of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses. The second aim was to assess the stability of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses over time. We analysed administrative outpatient data (2006-2012) from a nationwide health insurance fund and calculated the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses for each year, stratified by age and sex. Additionally, we studied a cohort with a first-time diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2007 through 2012, investigating the percentage of retained autism spectrum disorder diagnoses. From 2006 to 2012, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in 0- to 24-year-olds increased from 0.22% to 0.38%. In insurees with a first-time autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in 2007, this diagnosis was carried on in all years through 2012 in 33.0% (The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnoses: F84.0/F84.1/F84.5) and 11.2% (F84.8/F84.9), respectively. In Germany, like in other countries, there has been an increase in the administrative prevalence of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses. Yet, prevalences are still lower than in some other Western countries. The marked percentage of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses which were not retained could indicate a significant portion of autism spectrum disorder misdiagnoses, which might contribute to rising autism spectrum disorder prevalences.

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“…Regarding sex, our results mirror the typical male preponderance in ASD, with a male/female ratio of 2:1 to 3:1, as is typical for community samples (Le Couteur and Szatmari, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in Germany: Time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability

Bachmann

Gerste²,

Hoffmann

2016

Autism

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“…As there is not a universally accepted standardized measure of adult outcomes [18], this measure was developed by the authors, using internationally accepted outcome criteria [8] and based on an international classification created initially by Rutter [19] and advanced by other authors [3, 8, 13, 20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder, a lifelong condition affecting multiple aspects of a person’s life [1–3]. ASD has been extensively studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The long-term outcomes of a cohort of adolescents and adults from Greece with autism spectrum disorder

2019

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BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Although it is a lifelong condition, treatments and services can improve a person’s symptoms and ability to function. Research on the outcomes in adolescence and adult life and on the associated factors is limited. The objective of the present study is to examine the outcomes as well as the contributing factors in adolescents and adults diagnosed with ASD in Greece.MethodParticipants included 69 parents of individuals diagnosed with ASD in their childhood. Interviews were conducted with the parents, and archived medical and psychological records were collected. Participants had been diagnosed in the Child and Adolescent Unit of the 3d Psychiatric Clinic of the AHEPA Hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece between 1990 and 2007.ResultsThe overall outcome was poor in most of cases (22.6% “very poor” and 24.5% “poor”); however, a substantial number had “good” (18.9%) or “very good” (22.6%) outcomes. Severity of initial diagnosis (χ2 = 65.956, DF = 8, p < 0.001), presence of comorbid disorders in childhood (χ2 = 14,085, DF = 4, p < 0.007), current comorbidity (χ2 = 15.834, DF = 4, p = 0.003), and certain developmental milestones [early acquisition of language skills (χ2 = 16.991, DF = 8, p = 0.030)] were positively correlated with adult outcomes.ConclusionsOverall outcomes in the Greek sample were consistent with international studies. It seems that important contributing factors are comorbidity and especially overall lower cognitive function (intellectual disability), but further research is needed as well as enhanced adult-oriented research and intervention programs.

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“…Autism is known as a severe pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder with poor prognosis. The disorder is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviours, and is more prevalent in males (Le Couteur & Szatmari, ). It has a considerable impact on the family as well as social, educational and health care systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta‐analysis of twin studies

Tick

Bolton

Happé

et al. 2015

Child Psychology Psychiatry

758

524

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BackgroundThe etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been recently debated due to emerging findings on the importance of shared environmental influences. However, two recent twin studies do not support this and instead re‐affirm strong genetic effects on the liability to ASD, a finding consistent with previous reports. This study conducts a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all twin studies of ASD published to date and explores the etiology along the continuum of a quantitative measure of ASD.MethodsA PubMed Central, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge structured search conducted online, to identify all twin studies on ASD published to date. Thirteen primary twin studies were identified, seven were included in the meta‐analysis by meeting Systematic Recruitment criterion; correction for selection and ascertainment strategies, and applied prevalences were assessed for these studies. In addition, a quantile DF extremes analysis was carried out on Childhood Autism Spectrum Test scores measured in a population sample of 6,413 twin pairs including affected twins.ResultsThe meta‐analysis correlations for monozygotic twins (MZ) were almost perfect at .98 (95% Confidence Interval, .96–.99). The dizygotic (DZ) correlation, however, was .53 (95% CI .44–.60) when ASD prevalence rate was set at 5% (in line with the Broad Phenotype of ASD) and increased to .67 (95% CI .61–.72) when applying a prevalence rate of 1%. The meta‐analytic heritability estimates were substantial: 64–91%. Shared environmental effects became significant as the prevalence rate decreased from 5–1%: 07–35%. The DF analyses show that for the most part, there is no departure from linearity in heritability.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that: (a) ASD is due to strong genetic effects; (b) shared environmental effects become significant as a function of lower prevalence rate; (c) previously reported significant shared environmental influences are likely a statistical artefact of overinclusion of concordant DZ twins.

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Autism spectrum disorder

Cited by 14 publications

References 170 publications

Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in Germany: Time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability

Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in Germany: Time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability

The long-term outcomes of a cohort of adolescents and adults from Greece with autism spectrum disorder

Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta‐analysis of twin studies

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