Autism in children with congenital rubella

Chess, Stella

doi:10.1007/bf01537741

Cited by 400 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Following the outbreak, Dr Chess examined 243 preschool children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and found a marked increase in the incidence of autism (Chess, 1971). The study reported 18 children with some degree of autism, implying an incidence of 741 cases per 10 000 among the population of CRS children, considered high even today and an especially high rate for the time.…”

Section: Congenital Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Meltzer

Water

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

384

293

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Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social skills as well as repetitive and stereotypical behaviors. While much effort has focused on the identification of genes associated with autism, research emerging within the past two decades suggests that immune dysfunction is a viable risk factor contributing to the neurodevelopmental deficits observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Further, it is the heterogeneity within this disorder that has brought to light much of the current thinking regarding the subphenotypes within ASD and how the immune system is associated with these distinctions. This review will focus on the two main axes of immune involvement in ASD, namely dysfunction in the prenatal and postnatal periods. During gestation, prenatal insults including maternal infection and subsequent immunological activation may increase the risk of autism in the child. Similarly, the presence of maternally derived anti-brain autoantibodies found in~20% of mothers whose children are at risk for developing autism has defined an additional subphenotype of ASD. The postnatal environment, on the other hand, is characterized by related but distinct profiles of immune dysregulation, inflammation, and endogenous autoantibodies that all persist within the affected individual. Further definition of the role of immune dysregulation in ASD thus necessitates a deeper understanding of the interaction between both maternal and child immune systems, and the role they have in diagnosis and treatment.

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Section: Congenital Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Meltzer

Water

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

384

293

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“…In autism, overt behavioral symptoms peak at the thirtieth month postnatally and symptoms include regression in speech, social deficits, communication deficits, and an increase in stereotypic behavior. There is significant epidemiological support for a viral etiology of schizophrenia with some support for an infectious etiology of autism (Brown et al, 2004;Chess, 1971;Chess et al 1978;Mednick et al 1994;Stubbs et al 1984;Susser et al 1999). New serologic data provide evidence for an infectious origin of some forms of schizophrenia (Brown et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral regulation of aquaporin 4, connexin 43, microcephalin and nucleolin

Fatemi¹,

Folsom²,

Reutiman³

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Research

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The current study investigated whether human influenza viral infection in midpregnancy leads to alterations in proteins involved in brain development. Human influenza viral infection was administered to E9 pregnant Balb/c mice. Brains of control and virally exposed littermates were subjected to microarray analysis, SDS-PAGE and western blotting at three postnatal stages. Microarray analysis of virally-exposed mouse brains showed significant, two-fold change in expression of multiple genes in both neocortex and cerebellum when compared to sham-infected controls. Levels of mRNA and protein levels of four selected genes were examined in brains of exposed mice. Nucleolin mRNA was significantly decreased in day 0 and day 35 neocortex and significantly increased in day 35 cerebellum. Protein levels were significantly upregulated at days 35 and 56 in neocortex and at day 56 in cerebellum. Connexin 43 protein levels were significantly decreased at day 56 in neocortex. Aquaporin 4 mRNA was significantly decreased in day 0 neocortex. Aquaporin 4 protein levels decreased in neocortex significantly at day 35. Finally, microcephalin mRNA was significantly decreased in day 56 neocortex and protein levels were significantly decreased at 56 cerebellum. These data suggest that influenza viral infection in midpregnancy in mice leads to long term changes in brain markers for enhanced ribosome genesis (nucleolin), increased production of immature neurons (microcephalin), and abnormal glial-neuronal communication (connexin 43 and aquaporin 4).

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“…Of course the significance of these studies is reduced in view of the lack of agreement as to what constitutes infantile autism. Chess (1971) has suggested that autism may result from viral infection, for example, German measles contracted by the mother. Other various causal factors reported in the literature include: retrolental fibroplasia (Keeler, 1958), tuberous sclerosis (Lotter, 1974), congenital syphilis , metabolic PKU (Knobloch & Pasamanick, 1975), lower cadmium concentration measured (in the hair) (Shearer, Larson, Neuschwander, & Gedney, 1982), minor physical anomalies (Links, Stockwell, Abichandani, & Simeon, 1980;Gualtieri, Adams, Shen & Loiselle, 1982), parents having a higher exposure to chemicals (Coleman, 1978), delayed brainstem transmission time (Skoff, Mirsky & Turner, 1980).…”

Section: A General Review Ojorganic Factors Implicated In Infantile Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The organic etiology of infantile autism: A critical review of the literature

Sanua

1986

International Journal of Neuroscience

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Autism in children with congenital rubella

Cited by 400 publications

References 14 publications

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Viral regulation of aquaporin 4, connexin 43, microcephalin and nucleolin

The organic etiology of infantile autism: A critical review of the literature

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