Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) Algorithms for Toddlers and Young Preschoolers: Application in a Non-US Sample of 1,104 Children

Abstract

The current study aimed to investigate the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers (Kim and Lord, J Autism Dev Disord 42(1):82–93, 2012) in a non-US sample from ten sites in nine countries (n = 1,104). The construct validity indicated a good fit of the algorithms. The diagnostic validity was lower, with satisfactorily high specificities but moderate sensitivities. Young children with clinical ASD and lower language ability were largely in the mild-to-moderate or moderate-to-severe concern ranges of the ADI-R, nearly half of the older and phrase speech ASD-group fell into the little-to-no concern range. Although broadly the findings support the toddler algorithms, further work is required to understand why they might have different properties in different samples to further inform research and clinical use.

Identification of the Genetic Cause for Childhood Disintegrative Disorder by Whole-Exome Sequencing

“…Among them, social and emotional abnormalities were most frequent, but repetitive behaviors and restricted interests were largely absent, which is consistent with the ADI-R results of the sibling [4]. Children affected by MPS IIIA may show autistic behaviors which lead to a misdiagnosis of ASD by psychiatrists or pediatricians [6,10].…”

Autism: One or many spectrums?

“…These assessments have been designed to elicit and assess behaviours characteristic of autism but provide little in the way of informing prognosis or intervention planning. There are also concerns regarding the sole reliance on these standardised measures for informing a diagnosis, particularly for pre‐school‐aged children and children with lower cognitive abilities . Professional judgement and clinical experience therefore play a substantial role in the accurate identification of behavioural criteria associated with autism and forming of a clinical diagnosis .…”

Reporting of Cultural Factors in Autism Research Publications in Sweden: Application of the GAP-REACH Checklist

“…However, they do register the immigrants' country of origin… [that]… can sometimes be used as a proxy for ethnicity^(p.19). Indeed, Bildt et al (2015) No Yes No (= not described) Domellöf et al (2014) No Yes No (= not described) Fernell et al (2015) Yes Yes The 1st cohort group: Bthe Stockholm Somali group^; the 2nd cohort group based in Gothenburg categorized as (a) Swedish, (b) miscellaneous (non-Scandinavian, South America, East Africa), (c) African/Middle East. Gardner et al (2015) Yes No Maternal country of birth categorized as (a) mother born in Sweden, (b) mother born outside Sweden Idring et al (2015) Yes No Maternal country of birth categorized as (a) mother born in Sweden, (b) mother born outside Sweden with low/high Human Development Index (HDI) Idring et al (2014) Yes Yes Maternal country of birth categorized as (a) mother born in Sweden, (b) mother born in Europe outside Sweden, (c) mother born outside Europe Lee et al (2015) Yes No Maternal country of birth categorized as (a) mother born in Sweden, (b) mother born in Europe outside Sweden, (c) mother born outside Europe Löfkvist et al (2014) Yes Yes Swedish language proficiency Lundström et al (2015b) Yes No No (= not described) McEvilly et al (2015) Yes No No (= not described) Selten et al (2015) Yes No Personal or parental history of migration Törn et al (2015) Yes No No (= not described) Zander et al (2015) Yes Yes Maternal country of origin a Coding based on the results reported by the first author/coder the Swedish Personal Data Act (PUL 1998) did not allow registering sensitive personal information such as race, ethnicity or other culture-related data such as religion.…”